The Ballot behind Bars after Roach

Roach v Electoral Commissioner (2007) 239 ALR 1 (”Roach’).

Galligan Brian , ‘Australia's Political Culture and Institutional Design’ in Alston Philip (ed), Towards an Australian Bill of Rights (1st ed, 1994) 55, 59.

Sawer Marion , ‘Pacemakers for the World’ in Sawer Marion (ed), Elections Full, Free and Fair (2001).

Sawer Marion , ‘Enrolling the People: Electoral Innovation in the New Australian Commonwealth’ in Orr Graeme Mercurio Bryan Williams George (eds), Realising Democracy: Electoral Law in Australia (2003) 52, 53–56.

Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 (Cth) s 4.

Hughes Colin Costar Brian , Limiting Democracy: The Erosion of Electoral Rights in Australia (2006) 84.

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 4–5 [7], 11 [23] ( Gleeson CJ ); 24–5 [83], [85], 27–8 [95] ( Gummow Kirby Crennan JJ ).

Ibid 9 [19], 11 [25] ( Gleeson CJ ); 28 [98], 29 [101], [102] ( Gummow Kirby Crennan JJ ).

Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, Parliament of Australia, Report of the Inquiry into the Conduct of the 1998 Federal Election and Matters Related Thereto, 2000, 169.

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 10 August 2004, 32 620 ( Slipper Peter ).

Orr Graeme , “Ballotless and Behind Bars: The Denial of the Franchise to Prisoners” (1998) 26 Federal Law Review 55, 73.

Hughes Colin Costar Brian , ‘Proposed Changes Could Deny Hundreds of Thousands of Australians a Vote’, The Age (Melbourne) 3 November 2005, 3.

Minister of Home Affairs v National Institute for Crime Prevention and the Re-Integration of Offenders (NICRO) 2005 (3) SA 280 (CC).

Ibid [55].

Ibid [56].

Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, above n 9, 169.

Fitzgerald Jennifer Zdenkowski George , ‘Voting Rights of Convicted Persons’ (1987) 11 Criminal Law Journal 11.

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 6 October 2005, 64, ( Abetz Eric ).

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 10 August 2004, 32 606, ( Randall Donald ).

Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) [2002] 3 SCR 519.

Ibid [29].

Ibid [21].

Ibid [43].

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 26 [90].

Ibid 9 [20].

Ibid.

Minister of Home Affairs v National Institute for Crime Prevention and the Re-Integration of Offenders (NICRO) 2005 (3) SA 280 (CC) [67].

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 10 August 2004, 32 614, ( Tuckey Wilson ).

New South Wales, Royal Commission into New South Wales Prisons, Final Report (1978), 76.

Human Rights Committee, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CCPR/CO/73/UK; CCPR/CO/73/UKOT, (2001), [10].

Pink Brian (Australian Statistician), 2008 Year Book Australia (2008) [407]–[420].

Fitzgerald Zdenowski , above n 17, 39.

Damaska Mirjan , ‘Adverse Legal Consequences of Conviction and Their Removal: A Comparative Study’ (1968) 59(3) The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 347, 353. Graeme Orr of the International Commission of Jurists commented that the Australian proposal was intended to “appeal both to tabloid rhetoric and the common conception of prisoners as inhuman others' (See Orr , above n 11, 58).

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 26 [89].

Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, Parliament of Australia, Report of the Inquiry Into the Conduct of the 1996 Federal Election and Matters Related Thereto, 1997, 48.

Transcript of Proceedings, Committee Hearing on the Conduct of the 1996 Federal Election (Parliament of Australia, Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, 4 October 1996), 192.

Minister of Home Affairs v National Institute for Crime Prevention and the Re-Integration of Offenders (NICRO) 2005 (3) SA 280 (CC) [116], following the dissenting judgment in Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) [2002] 3 SCR 519 [103], [119]–[121] ( Gonthier J ).

Orr , above n 11, 69.

Ibid.

Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) [2002] 3 SCR 519 [32].

Ibid [30].

Ibid [38].

Ibid, quoting Mill John Stuart , ‘Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform’ (1859) in Robson John M. (ed), Essays on Politics and Society (1977) Vol. XIX, 322–23.

Hirst v United Kingdom (No. 2) [GC], no 74025/01, ECHR 2005-IX ( Chamber Grand , 2nd instance).

Hirst v United Kingdom (No. 2), no 74025/01, [42], [45]-47] (Chamber, 1st instance).

Senator Nick Minchin cited in the Report on the Provisions of the Electoral and Referendum Amendment Bill (No. 2) 1998 (1998).

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 19 June 2006, 89 ( Abetz Eric ). See also Commonwealth , Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 12 August 2004, 26 575 ( Coonan Helen ) and 26 328 ( Troeth Judith ).

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 6–7 [12].

Ibid 7 [14], referring to Sauvé v Canada (Attorney General) [1993] 2 SCR 438 ( Gonthier J ).

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 9 [19].

Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) [2002] 3 SCR 519 [47].

Scruton Roger , A Dictionary of Political Thought (1st ed, 1983) 63.

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) The right to vote is not enjoyed equally by all Australians (2007) Right to Vote: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Website <hreoc.gov.au/HUMAN_RIGHTS/vote/index.html> at 10 October 2007, citing figures obtained by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 5–6 [9] ( Gleeson CJ ); 17–22 [55]–[70], 29 [102] ( Gummow Kirby Crennan JJ ).

Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 19 June 2006, 103 ( Abetz Eric ).

Roach (2007) 239 ALR 1, 9–11 [21]–[23] ( Gleeson CJ ); 26–7 [90]–[93] ( Gummow Kirby Crennan JJ ).

Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2) [GC], no. 74025/01, ECHR 2005-IX, [77], [82].

Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2), no 74025/01, [49].

Ibid 9 [19], 11 [25] ( Gleeson CJ ); 28 [98], 29 [101], [102] ( Gummow Kirby Crennan JJ ), a similar view was taken by the minority of the Canadian Supreme Court in Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) [2002] 3 SCR 519 [174].