PenovicT, ‘The separation of powers: Lim and the ‘voluntary’ detention of children’ (2004) 29AltLJ222; GrovesM, ‘Immigration Detention vs Imprisonment: Differences explored’ (2004) 29AltLJ228; ReillyA, ‘Immigration detention: Pushing the boundaries’ (2004) 29AltLJ248.
2.
Al-Kateb v Godwin [2004] HCA 37 (6 August 2004)(‘Al-Kateb’).
3.
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v Al Khafaji [2004] HCA 38 (6 August 2004)(‘Al Khafaji’).
4.
Behrooz v Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous [2004] HCA 36 (6 August 2004)(‘Behrooz’).
5.
Re Woolley; Ex parte Applicants M276/2003 by their next friend GS [2004] HCA 49 (7 October 2002)(‘Re Woolley’).
6.
After a brief review, following the High Court decisions, the Immigration Minister used her discretionary power under the Migration Act to grant Mr Al-Kateb and Mr Al Khafaji bridging visas, giving them temporary permission to live in Australia. However the claims of 13 others, including an asylum seeker who had been held in detention for six years, were rejected. See ShawM, ‘Stateless detainees get bridging visas in review’, The Age, 1 September 2004, 7. See also Parliamentary Library, Research Brief no. 1 2004-05, ‘The High Court and indefinite detention: Towards a national bill of rights?’www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/RB/2004-05/05rb01.htm> at 4 April 2005.
7.
In Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and Indigenous Affairs v Al Masri (2003) 126 FCR 54, the Full Federal Court held that the continued detention of an unlawful non-citizen was unlawful where that person had requested removal from Australia, but there was no real likelihood or prospect of that person's removal in the reasonably foreseeable future.
8.
Minister of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs and B & Anor (2004) 206 ALR 130.
9.
SifrisAPenovicT, ‘Children in Immigration Detention: The Bakhtiyari family in the High Court’ (2004) 29AltLJ217.
10.
Bakhtiyari v Australia, Human Rights Committee Communication No 1069/2002 (2003); Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, A Last Resort? National Inquiry into Children in Immigration Detention, (2004).
11.
[2004] HCA 37 [148].
12.
Ibid [133].
13.
KirbyPer J, [2004] HCA 36 [96].
14.
Ibid at [97].
15.
501 US 294 (1991).
16.
GummowPer J, [2004] HCA 36 [120].
17.
Rasul v Bush; Al Odah v United States (2004) 542 US (Cases no. 03-343, 03-334).
18.
Quoting JacksonJ in Shaughnessy v United States ex rel. Mezei, 345 US 206, 218–9 (1953) (dissenting opinion).
19.
(1992) 176 CLR 1.
20.
Ibid27.
21.
Ibid28–9.
22.
[2004] HCA 37 [146].
23.
Ibid at [133].
24.
[2004] HCA 49 [58].
25.
Ibid [61].
26.
Ibid [63].
27.
(1949) 80 CLR 533.
28.
[2004] HCA 37 [128].
29.
Ibid [41].
30.
Ibid [74].
31.
Ibid [47], [55–61]. The phrase is from a White Australia-era case, O'Keefe v Calwell (1949) 77 CLR 261, 278.
32.
Ibid [289].
33.
Ibid [264].
34.
HLA Hart, Punishment and Responsibility (1968) 5.
35.
[2004] HCA 37 [268].
36.
HeadM, ‘Refugees, Global Inequality and the Need for a New Concept of Global Citizenship’ [2002] Australian International Law Journal57.
37.
See LindsayK, The Australian Constitution in Context, LBC, Sydney, 1999, 72–6. For the political and social context of the Communist Party case, see WintertonG, ‘The Significance of the Communist Party Case,’ (1992) 18Melbourne University Law Review, pp 630–58.
38.
Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 (Cth) Preamble.
39.
[2004] HCA 37 [155].
40.
Ibid [140].
41.
Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206, 245.
42.
[2004] HCA 37 [19–20].
43.
Ibid [21].
44.
Ibid [174–175].
45.
Ibid [63].
46.
KafkaF, The Trial, 1957.
47.
HeadM, ‘Another threat to democratic rights: ASIO detentions cloaked in secrecy’ (2004) 29AltLJ127.
48.
HeadM, ‘Refugees, Global Inequality and the Need for a New Concept of Global Citizenship’ [2002] Australian International Law Journal 57.
