‘Women’ have been essentialised or seen as uniform in this article. Being non-dominants, all women do share some commonalities. However, intersecting variables such as Aboriginality, disability, ethnicity and sexuality result in even more deviation from the dominant kaleidoscope. Some are discussed in Chapter 10 of Less than Equal.
2.
Discussed by NaffineN., Feminism and Criminology, Allen and Unwin, 1997, in the context of historical and current focus of criminology.
3.
EastealP., ‘Beyond Reform’, in EastealP., (ed.), Balancing The Scales: Rape, Law Reform and Australian Culture, Federation Press, 1998, p.208.
4.
BronittS., ‘No Records. No Time, No Reason’, (1996) 8(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice130.
5.
See chapter 3, 6, 7 and 9 of Less Than Equal, above, ref 1.
6.
MackK., ‘You Should Scrutinise her Evidence with Great Care': Corroboration of Women's Testimony About Sexual Assault,’ in EastealP., (ed.), above, ref 3, p.73.
7.
MackK., above, ref 6.
8.
HeenanM.McKelvieH., ‘The Crimes (Rape) Act 1991: An Evaluation Report No 2’, 1997, p.53, Attorney General's Legislation and Policy Branch, Department of Justice, Melbourne.
9.
See chapter 11 of Less than Equal, above, ref 1, for a review of the literature in Australia.
10.
In Less Than Equal, this is shown in a variety of contexts both through my own empirical research and that of many others.
11.
HeenanMcKelvie, above, ref 8, pp.20–4.
12.
Less Than Equal shows their persistence from sentencing to treatment of victims and women legal practitioners.
13.
Derived from data in Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘How Australians Use Their Time’, Catalogue no 4153.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, 1999, p.17.
See chapter 8 of Less Than Equal for an in-depth discussion.
16.
ThorntonM., The Liberal Promise: Anti-Discrimination Legislation in Australia, Oxford University Press, 1990, p.102.
17.
PorterR., ‘Girls Are Weak — Boys Are Strong: Constructing Gender in the Primary School’, in O'LoughlinM.FosterV., (eds), Through Girls Eyes: Australian Research, Policy and Curriculum in the 1990s, Faculty of Education, University of Sydney, 1992.
18.
As a consequence of McBain v State of Victoria [2000] FCA 1009, per Sundberg J, the High Court has heard an application from Australia's Catholic bishops seeking to have that decision quashed and the government has proposed adding another exemption to the Sex Discrimination Act 1984; that State legislation that limits reproductive services to married women will not be covered by the SDA.
19.
FinemanM., The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family, and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies, Routledge, 1995.
