The article analyses the process of implementation of the Accounting Directives
in the Nordic countries as a case study of supra-national regulation. The
experiences in the Nordic countries are documented for an English-speaking
readership based on the drafts of the legislation, commentaries by the
implementing committees and interviews with individuals involved in the process.
The article concludes that, in the current economic and political climate, the
European Union has apparently drawn on the experience of implementing the
original directives with its new model for regulating accounting change
introduced with the IAS Regulation of 2002.
Aisbitt, S.
(2002), “
Harmonisation of Financial Reporting before the European Company Law
Directives: The Case of the Nordic Companies Act
”, Accounting and Business Research,
Vol.32, No.2,
pp.105—17.
2.
Aisbitt, S.
and
Nobes, C.
(2001), “
The True and Fair View Requirement in Recent National Implementations
”, Accounting and Business Research ,
Vol.31, No.2,
pp.83—90.
3.
Alexander, D.
(1996), “
Truer and Fairer: Uninvited Comments on Invited Comments
”, European Accounting Review, Vol.5,
No.3,
pp.483—93.
4.
Alexander, D.
and
Christiansen, M.
(1996), “The General Clause in Danish Accounting
Regulation”, EAA Congress,
Bergen, April 1996.
5.
Alexander, D.
and
Schwencke, H.R.
(2003), “
Accounting change in Norway
”, European Accounting Review, Vol.12,
No.3,
pp.549—66.
6.
Allison, G.
(1971), Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile
Crisis, Boston, MA: Little,
Brown and Company.
7.
Brandsås, H.
(1998), “
Ny Regnskapslov
”, Revisjon og Regnskap, No.5,
pp.8—13.
8.
Burrowes, A.
and
Nordström, J.
(1999), “
An Alternate Approach in Implementing the 4th Directive: A Territorial
Claim to Financial Reporting and Auditing in Sweden
”, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol.14,
No.6,
pp.302—7.
9.
Capron, M.
and
Chiapello, E.
(2005), “Les Transformations Institutionelles:
l'Europe Recule,l'IASB s'impose”, in
Capron, M.
(ed.), Les Normes Comptables Internationales, Instruments du Capitalisme
Financier, Paris: La
Découverte, Ch.3.
10.
Christiansen, M.
(1984), “
Danske Regnskabers Infromationsværdi efter
Indførelsen af Årsregnskabsloven
”, Revision og Regnskabsvæsen ,
Vol.53, No.11,
pp.472—87.
11.
Christiansen, M.
(1995), “The History of Financial Reporting in
Denmark ”, in
Walton, P.
(ed.) European Financial Reporting: A History,
London: Academic
Press, pp.55—73.
12.
Christiansen, M.
(1999), `
Denmark
', in
McLeay,S.
(ed.), Accounting Regulation in Europe, Basingstoke and London:
Macmillan
, pp.49—77.
13.
Christiansen, P.M.
and
Sidenius, N.C.
(1999), “Venner for Altid?: Samspillet Mellem
Centraladministration og Interesseorganisationer”, in
Blom-Hansen, C., J.
and
Daugbjerg, C.
(eds.), Magtens Organisering: Stat og Interesseorganisationer i
Danmark, Aarhus:
Systime,
pp.21—35.
14.
Colasse, B.
(2005), “La Regulation Comptable entre Public et
Privé”, in
Capron, M.
(ed.), Les Normes Comptables Internationales, Instruments du Capitalisme
Financier , Paris: La
Découverte , Ch.2.
15.
Cooper, D.J.
,
Puxty, T.
,
Robson, K.
&
Willmott, H.
(1996), “
Changes in the International Regulation of Auditors: (In)stalling the
Eighth Directive in the UK
”, Critical Perspectives on Accounting,
Vol.7, No.6,
pp.589—613.
16.
David, R.
and
Brierley, R.
(1985), Major Legal Systems in the World Today: An
Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law, 3rd edn,
London:
Stevens.
17.
Diggle, G.
and
Nobes, C.W.
(1994), “
European Rule Making in Accounting: The Seventh Directive as a Case
Study
”, Accounting and Business Research,
Vol.24, No.96,
pp.319—33.
18.
EC
(1997), Interpretative Communication Concerning Certain
Articles of the Fourth and Seventh Council Directives on Accounting, EC
Commission, XV/7009/97 EN.
19.
EC
(2000), EU Financial Reporting Strategy: The Way Forward,
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European
Parliament.
20.
EC
(2002), Regulation (EC) No. 1606/2002 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the application of
international accounting standards.
21.
EC
(2004), Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament
and of the Council on Statutory Audit of Annual Accounts and Consolidated
Accounts and Amending Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC, COM (2004)
177 final, COD 2004/0065
22.
Elling, J.O.
(1994), “
Denmark
”, in
J. Flower
(ed.), The Regulation of Financial Reporting in the Nordic
Countries, Stockholm:
Publica,
pp.33—64.
23.
Elling, J.O.
and
Hansen, C.K.
(1984), “The Fourth Directive in
Denmark”, in
Gray, S.J.
and
Coenenberg, A.
(eds.), EEC Accounting Harmonisation: Implementation and Impact of the
Fourth Directive,
Amsterdam
and Oxford: North
Holland,
pp.29—41.
24.
Evans, L.
and
Nobes, C.
(1998a), “
Harmonization of the Structure of Audit Firms: Incorporation in the UK and
Germany
”, European Accounting Review, Vol.7,
No.1,
pp.125—48.
25.
Evans, L.
and
Nobes, C.
(1998b), “
Harmonization Relating to Auditor Independence: The Eighth Directive, the
UK and Germany
”, European Accounting Review, Vol.7,
No.3,
pp.493—516.
26.
Fagerstrøm, A.
and
Schwencke, H.R.
(1994), “Why is Deferred Tax Treated Differently
in Norwegian and Swedish Consolidated Accounts?”, Working Paper
1994/12, Sandvika: Norwegian School of
Management .
27.
Hansen, C.K.
and
Sørensen, O.
(2001), “
Denmark
”, in
Alexander, D.
and
Archer, S.
(eds.), European Accounting Guide, New
York: Aspen Law &
Business,
pp.169—255.
28.
Heurlin, S.
and
Petersohn, E.
(2001), “Sweden”, in
Alexander, D.
and
Archer, S.
(eds.), European Accounting Guide, New
York: Aspen Law &
Business, pp.
1202—57
29.
Hofstede, G.
(1984), Culture's Consequences, abridged edn,
London:
Sage.
30.
Johnsen, A.
and
Eilifsen, A.
(2001), “Norway”, in
Alexander, D.
and
Archer, S.
(eds.), European Accounting Guide, New
York: Aspen Law &
Business,
pp.1294—341.
31.
Jönsson, S.
(1984), “
Accounting Élite and Accounting Policy Making: The Swedish
Case
”, Scandinavian Journal of Management Studies,
August, pp.3—33.
32.
Kinserdal,A.
(1995), “The History of Financial Reporting in
Norway ”, in
Walton, P.
(ed.), European Financial Reporting: A History,
London : Academic
Press, pp.189—202.
33.
Kirchner, C.
and
Schmidt, M.
(2005), “
IFRS and EU Accounting Regulation: Problems of Hybrid Standard Setting
(HSS)
”, paper presented at the Workshop on Accounting in
Europe, Regensburg, Germany, September
2005.
34.
Loft, A.
and
Jeppesen, K.
(2001), “
Harmonising the Education and Qualification of Auditors?: Implementing the
EU's Eighth Directive in Denmark
”, paper presented at the First European Auditing
Research Network Symposium (EARNet), Germany, 26—7 October
2001.
35.
McLeay, S.
,
Ordelheide, D.
and
Young, S.
(2000), “
Constituent Lobbying and its Impact on the Development of Financial
Reporting Regulations: Evidence from Germany
”, Accounting, Organizations and Society,
Vol.25, No.1,
pp.79—98.
36.
Majala, R.
(1994), “Finland”, in
Flower, J.
(ed.), The Regulation of Financial Reporting in the Nordic
Countries, Stockholm:
Fritzes,
pp.65—106.
37.
Näsi, S.
and
Virtanen, A.
(2001), “Finland”, in
Alexander, D.
and
Archer, S.
(eds.), European Accounting Guide, New
York: Aspen Law &
Business,
pp.256—302.
38.
Nobes, C.
(1993), “
The True and Fair View Requirement: Impact on and of the Fourth
Directive
”, Accounting and Business Research,
Vol.24, No.93,
pp.35—48.
39.
Nobes, C.W.
and
Schwencke, H.R.
(2006), “
Modelling the Links between Tax and Financial Reporting: A Longitudinal
Examination of Norway over 30 years up to IFRS adoption
”, European Accounting Review, Vol.15,
No.1,
pp.63—87.
40.
NOU
(1995), Ny Regnskapslov , October.
41.
Ordelheide, D.
(1996), “
True and Fair View: A European and German Perspective II
”, European Accounting Review, Vol.5,
No.3,
pp.495—506.
42.
Pirinen, P.
(1996), The 1992 Reform of Finnish Accounting
Legislation , Jyväskylä:
University of Jyväskylä
.
43.
Saario, M.
(1959), The Expenditure-Revenue Theory in Accounting,
Helsinki:
Ottava.
44.
Schwencke, H.R.
(1996), “
La Oss Beholde Forsiktighetsprinsippet!
”, Revisjon og regnskap, No.1,
pp.12—5.
45.
Smith, M.
(2003), Research Methods in Accounting,
London:
Sage.
46.
SOU
(1994), Års- och koncernredovisning enligt
EG-direktivet, February.
47.
Thorell, P.
(1995), “
Perspektiv på den nya Årsredovisningslagen
”, Balans, No.11,
pp.31—9.
48.
Tidström, G.
(1995), “
Blir EU ett Hinder för Utvecklingen av Svensk Redovisning?
”, Balans, No.3,
pp.4—7.
49.
Troberg, P.H.
(1992), “
Recent Developments in Financial Reporting in Finland”, Advances
in InternationalAccounting, No.5,
pp.24—45.
50.
Tyrrall, D.
(2005), “
Accounting Standards: A Question of Proportional Representation
”, Financial Management, October,
pp.28—9.
51.
Walton, P.
(1992), “
Harmonisation of Accounting in France and Britain: Some Evidence
”, Abacus, Vol.28, No.2,
pp.186—99.
