The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement instrument that scholars and practitioners in international education can use as a means of exploring whether and how individuals who come into contact with international education programs develop a greater sense of cultural humility. Specifically, the study described here outlines the four steps used to develop a nine-item Cultural Humility Self-Assessment Scale (CHS-A): item generation, content validity, item reduction, and scale reliability and validity. These efforts resulted in a valid and reliable instrument that individuals who work in international education can use to evaluate and improve programs and initiatives.
AgnerJ. (2020). Moving from cultural competence to cultural humility in occupational therapy: A paradigm shift. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.038067
BarakaM. L. K.YoderL. S. M.JonesA. H.HuffJ. G. (2019). Cultivating lifelong commitments to cultural humility in an undergraduate study abroad program. Reflections / Sigma Theta Tau, 25(1), 42–48.
4.
BelliveauM. (2019). I need to learn from you”: Reflections on cultural humility through study abroad. Reflections / Sigma Theta Tau, 25(1), 70–81.
5.
ChangE. S.SimonM.DongX. (2012). Integrating cultural humility into health care professional education and training. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 17(2), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-010-9264-1
6.
ClarkL. A.WatsonD. (2019). Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1412–1427. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000626
7.
CortinaJ. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
DavisD. E.Worthington JrE. L.HookJ. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003791672
10.
DeardorffD. K. (2008). Intercultural competence: A definition, model, and implications for education abroad. In SavickiV. (Ed.), Developing intercultural competence and transformation (pp. 32–52). Stylus.
11.
DeardorffD. K. (2011). Assessing intercultural competence. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2011(149), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.381
12.
DeardorffD. K. (2015). Demystifying outcomes assessment for international educators: A practical approach. Stylus Publishing.
13.
de la GarzaA. (2021). Internationalizing the curriculum for STEAM (STEM + arts and humanities): From intercultural competence to cultural humility. Journal of Studies in International Education, 25(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319888468
14.
FernandezK. R. (2020). Developing cultural humility during short-term study abroad immersion. International Journal of Studies in Nursing, 5(3), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v5i3.764
15.
Fisher-BorneM.CainJ. M.MartinS. L. (2015). From mastery to accountability: Cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competence. Social Work Education, 34(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.977244
16.
ForondaC.BaptisteD. L.ReinholdtM. M.OusmanK. (2016). Cultural humility: A concept analysis. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659615592677
17.
ForondaC.PorterA.PhitwongA. (2021). Psychometric testing of an instrument to measure cultural humility. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(4), 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620950420
18.
GoltzD. B.ZingsheimJ.MastinT.MurphyA. G. (2016). Discursive negotiations of Kenyan LGBTI identities: Cautions in cultural humility. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 9(2), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2016.1154182
19.
GonzalezE.SperandioK. R.MullenP. R.TuazonV. E. (2021). Development and initial testing of the multidimensional cultural humility scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 54(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2020.1745648
20.
GoslingS. D.RentfrowP. J.Swann JrW. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
21.
Greene-MotonE.MinklerM. (2020). Cultural competence or cultural humility? Moving beyond the debate. Health Promotion Practice, 21(1), 142–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839919884912
22.
HammerM. R.BennettM. J.WisemanR. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00032-4
23.
HinkinT. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100106
24.
HookJ. N.DavisD.OwenJ.DeBlaereC. (2017). Cultural humility: Engaging diverse identities in therapy. American Psychological Association.
25.
HookJ. N.DavisD. E.OwenJ.Worthington JrE. L.UtseyS. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032595
26.
HornJ. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
27.
JisrawiA. N.ArnoldC. (2018). Cultural humility and mental health care in Canadian Muslim communities. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 52(1), 43–64.
28.
KakoP. M.KlingbeilC. G. (2019). Facilitating cultural humility and attunement for nursing and health professions students through a study abroad program in Kenya. Nursing Education Perspectives, 40(5), 278–282. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000561
29.
KlineR. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
30.
KragtT. J. (2021). The ability of the five factor model to predict cultural humility [Doctoral dissertation]. Regent University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Lopez RivasG. E.StarkS.ChernyshenkoO. S. (2009). The effects of referent item parameters on differential item functioning detection using the free baseline likelihood ratio test. Applied Psychological Measurement, 33(4), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621608321760
33.
LoyaM.PetersM. (2019). Critical literacy: Engaging students to enhance cultural humility in study abroad. Reflections / Sigma Theta Tau, 25(1), 57–69.
34.
MeadeA. W.JohnsonE. C.BraddyP. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568
35.
MeadeA. W.WrightN. A. (2012). Solving the measurement invariance anchor item problem in item response theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 1016–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027934
36.
MerrillK. C.BraskampD. C.BraskampL. A. (2012). Assessing individuals’ global perspective. Journal of College Student Development, 53(2), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2012.0034
37.
Murray-GarcíaJ.TervalonM. (2017). Rethinking intercultural competence: Cultural humility in internationalising higher education. In DeardorffD. K.Arasaratnam-SmithL. A. (Eds.), Intercultural competence in higher education (pp. 19–31). Routledge.
38.
OrtegaR. M.CoulbornK. (2011). Training child welfare workers from an intersectional cultural humility perspective: A paradigm shift. Child Welfare, 90(5), 27–49.
39.
PunteneyK. (2019). Education abroad. In The international education handbook: Principles and practices of the field (pp. 99–146). NAFSA.
40.
SchriesheimC. A.EisenbachR. J. (1995). An exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic investigation of item wording effects on the obtained factor structures of survey questionnaire measures. Journal of Management, 21(6), 1177–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100609
41.
StöberJ. (2001). The social desirability scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.222
42.
SuddabyR.(Ed.) (2010). Editor's comments: Construct clarity in theories of management and organization. Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.3.zok346
43.
TervalonM.Murray-GarcíaJ. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
44.
ThapaS.Madrid AkpovoS. (2022). Cultural humility in an intercultural mentor-mentee relationship: Overcoming emotional “borders and borderlands” of Nepali-mentors and US-mentees. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(3), 513–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1848798
45.
Vande BergM.PaigeR. M.LouK. H. (2012). Student learning abroad: Paradigms and assumptions. In Vande BergM.PaigeR. M.LouK. H. (Eds.), Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it (pp. 3–28). Stylus.
46.
WhaleyA. L.DavisK. E. (2007). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health services: A complementary perspective. American Psychologist, 62(6), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.6.563
