Given the political, economic, and social events surrounding 9/11, the major issue addressed concerns the impact of federal legislation on international students/scholars. The study explored several research questions that can be summarized as, What are the relevant laws affecting international student study in the United States, and What are the consequences of having those laws? To date, there has not been a comprehensive compilation identifying such regulations nor an analysis and charting of the broader public policy at various levels of implementation. This article attempts to do this. Sifting through the miasma of regulations, certain themes emerge from the analysis: philosophical changes, entry and exit registration, intended and unintended consequences, impact on Arab and Muslim students, effects on U.S. citizens, and emergent problems.
Alam, K.K. (2003). Visa issuance: Trends in south Asia. Newsletter NAFSA: Association of International Educators, 54(2), 9-10.
2.
Ambert, A.N., & Melendez, S.E. (1985). Bilingual education: A sourcebook. New York: Teachers College Press.
3.
American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, San Francisco Bay Chapter. (2003, December). ADC press release . Available at http://www.adcsf.org/adc-ins-reg.html
4.
American Council on Education. (2001). Public experience, attitudes, and knowledge: A report on two national surveys about international education. Washington, DC: Author.
5.
American Council on Education. (2002). Public opinion poll: One year later, Attitudes about international education since September 11. Washington, DC: Author.
6.
Arizona Historical Foundation. (1998). Barry Goldwater's 1964 speech at the 28th Republication National Convention . Available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterspeech.htm
7.
American Immigration Law Foundation. (2003 ). Foreign policy fallout: Assessing the risks of post-Sept. 11 immigration policies (Policy brief). Available at http://www.ailf.org/ipc/policy_reports_2003_fallout.asp
8.
Arnone, M. (2004). Security at home creates insecurity abroad. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved September 22, 2005, from http://chronicle.com/weekly/v50/i27/27a02101.htm
9.
Aronauer, R. (2005, November). ACLU sues U.S. government over documents that might explain visa denials to dozens of scholars. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/11/20051111103n.htm
10.
Bacharach, S.B., & Mundell, B. (1995). Images of schools: Structures and roles in organizational behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
11.
Bollag, B. (2004). Wanted: Foreign students. Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(7), p. A37.
12.
Bollag, B. (2005). Graduate school applications from overseas decline again, survey finds. Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/03/2005031006n.htm
13.
Borjas, G.J. (2002a). Heaven's door: Immigration policy and the American economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
14.
Borjas, G.J. (2002b). Rethinking foreign students: A question of the national interest. National Review, 6(17), 2-5.
15.
Bowen, J.A., & Foley, C.J. (2002). The impact of SEVIS on the U.S. admissions office . International Educator, 11(4), 31-33.
16.
Brown, H. (2005, May). Council of graduate schools finds decline in international graduate student applications for the second consecutive year [Press release). Council of Graduate Schools Communicator , 38(4).
17.
Cardais, A. (2003). Fewer kinks in burdensome international student database. The Daily Tar Heel. Available at http://media.www.dailytarheel.com/media/storage/paper885/news/2003/02/20/StateNational/Fewer.Kinks.In.Burdensome.International.Student.Database-1352781.shtml
18.
Castellanos, D. (1983). The best of two worlds: Bilingual-bicultural education . Trenton: New Jersey State Department of Education.
19.
CNN. (2006, August 10). Six Egyptian students in custody. Available at http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/08/10/egyptian.students/index.html
20.
Department of Justice. (2003). Review on the immigration and naturalization service's efforts to track foreign students in the United States through the student and exchange visitor information system (Report Number I-2003-003). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation and Inspections Division.
21.
Department of Homeland Security. (2003). Changes to the NSEERS Program [Press release]. Retrieved September 22, 2005, from http://www.ice.gov/pi/news/newsreleases/articles/nseersqa120103.htm
22.
Dunn, W.N. (1994). Public policy analysis: An introduction (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
23.
Field, K. (2005a). Proposed federal rules on equipment licenses for foreign researchers would be costly scientists say. Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/05/2005050901n.htm
24.
Field, K. (2005b). Visa delays stemming from scholars' security clearances are down since last year, report says. Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/02/2005021806n.htm
25.
Field, K. (2006, January 17). Commerce department will drop some but not all restrictions on foreign researchers, colleges are told. Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at http://chronicle.com/daily/2006/01/2006011701n.htm
26.
Foster, A. (2005, November 25). Legislators debate renewing PATRIOT Act provisions that worry librarians and others. Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(7). Available at http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/11/2005111101t.htm
27.
Freeman, H.E., & Sherwood, C.C. (1970). Social research and social policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
28.
Gellman, B. (2005, November 6). The FBI's secret scrutiny: In hunt for terrorists, Bureau examines records of ordinary Americans. The Washington Post, p. A01. Available at http://www.washington-post.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/05/AR2005110501366.html
29.
Gill, D. (1972). Theoretical perspectives on the analysis and development of social policies. International Social Work, 15(3), 17-28.
30.
Gornitzka, A., Kyvik, S., & Stensaker, B. (2002). Implementation analysis in higher education. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 17, pp. 385-428). New York: Agathon Press.
31.
Goswami, U.A. (2004). Students learn to keep off U.S.: Visa, security tangles send enrollment figures to new low. Times of India , 10, 4.
32.
Haddad, W.J. (2002). Impact of the September 11th attacks on the freedoms of Arabs and Muslims. Presentation at the American Immigration Law Foundation - Immigration Policy Center Forum, Chicago. Retrieved September 15, 2005, from http://www.arabbar.org/art-sept11impact.asp
33.
Haddal, C.C. (2006). Foreign students in the United States: Policies and legislation (CRS Report for Congress). Congressional Research Service, Order Code RL31146, The Library of Congress.
34.
Hindrawan, J.J. (2003, March/April). International student recruitment since 9/11. World Education News and Reviews. Retrieved September 22, 2005, from http://www.wes.org/ewenr/-3March/PFFeature.htm
35.
Hudson, D.A. (Executive Producer ). (2002, November 1). The Oprah Winfrey Show (Television broadcast). Chicago: Harpo Productions.
36.
Institute of International Education. (2002 -2006). Open doors report on international educational exchange. Washington, DC: Institute of International Education.
37.
Johnson, V. (2002). From the front lines: International education post-September 11: A personal statement. NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Newsletter, 53(7), 3-6.
38.
Martineau, K. (2003, March 23). With research on hold, lab is shutting down. Hartford Courant, p. A8.
39.
Mazmanian, D.A., & Sabatier, P.A. (1989). Implementation and public policy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
40.
McCormack, E. (2005). Enrollment of foreign students falls for a 2nd year, but recent surveys suggest the decline could end soon. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved November 18, 2005, from http://chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i13/13a00101.htm
41.
McCullagh, D. (2005). FAQ: How Real ID Act will affect you. C/NET News.com. Retrieved September 23, 2005, from http://news.com.com/FAQ+How+Real+ID+will+affect+you/2100-1028_3-5697111.html
42.
National Association of Foreign Student Affairs: Association of International Educators. (2003a). Report of the Strategic Task Force on International Student Access. Available at http://www.nafsa.org/public_policy.sec/public_policy_document/study_abroad_1/securing_america_s_future
43.
National Association of Foreign Student Affairs: Association of International Educators. (2003b, January 14). Strategic Task Force on International Student Access. In America's interest: Welcoming international students. Washington, DC: Author.
44.
National Association of Foreign Student Affairs: Association of International Educators. (2005, May). NAFSA national convention handout.
45.
National Association of Foreign Student Affairs: Association of International Educators. (2006). NAFSA public policy statement on international student and scholar access to U.S. higher education. Available at http://www.nafsa.org/public_policy.sec/united_states_international/toward_an_international
46.
Odden, A.R. (1991). Education policy implementation. Albany: State University of New York Press.
47.
Paden, J.N., & Singer, P. (2003, May/June). America slams the door (on its foot): Washington's destructive new visa policies. Foreign Affairs. Available at http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030501facomment11216/john-n-paden-peter-w-singer/america-slams-the-door-on-its-foot-washington-s-descructive-new-visa-policies.html
48.
Pearl Law Group. (2003). PLG Immigration Newsflash, General Release, vol. 28. E-mail available at http://www.immigrationlaw.com/newsletters/2003vol28.html
49.
Peters, G. (n.d.). The American presidency project. Santa Barbara : University of California. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27262
50.
Rubin, K. (2002). Global engagement: U.S. educational exchanges one year after. International Educator, 11(4), 18-23.
51.
Schewe, P., & Stein, B. (2005). Student visa problems persist. AIP Bulletin of Physics News, 3(747), 1-19.
52.
Schneider, A., & Ingram, H. (1997). Policy design for democracy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
53.
Skorton, D.J., & Davisson, R.L. (2005, August 2). No foreign exchange devalues our universities. The Wall Street Journal, p. B2.
54.
Surror, H. (2005). "Islamophobia" deterring Muslim students. The Hindu. Available at http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/27/stories/2002062701021500.htm
55.
Theodoulou, S., & Cahn, M. (1995). Public policy: The essential readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
56.
Urias, D. (2003). Foreign student enrollment in selected U.S. institutions of higher education, post 9/11. Dissertation Abstracts International , 64(10), 3615. (UMI No. AAT 31-8785). Retrieved January 17, 2005, from http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.library.drexel.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=765024541&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1188932889&clientId=18133
57.
U.S. Department of State. (2006). U.S. university presidents summit: Quotes from university presidents. Available at http://www.state.gov/r/summit/58708.htm
58.
U.S. Department of State. (2006). U.S. official discusses international travel, U.S. visa process [Web chat transcript]. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programs. Available at http://usinfo.state.gov/usinfo/Archive/2006/Sep/06-626205.html
59.
Vanzi, M. (2004). The PATRIOT Act, other post-9/11 enforcement powers and the impact on California's Muslim communities. Senate Office of Research. Retrieved September 23, 2005, from http://www.sen.ca.gov/sor/reports/reports_by_subj/public_safety/PATRIOTACT.pdf
60.
Vestal, T. M. (1994). International education: Its history and promise for today. Westport, CT: Praeger. Yin, R. E. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
