Wide recognition was a major policy aim accompanying the increase of student mobility and graduate mobility in Europe since the 1950s. The Council of Europe and subsequently UNESCO and the European Union set more ambitious goals over the years. The 1997 Lisbon Convention calls for recognition of entry requirements, study periods, and degrees, “unless substantial differences can be shown” by country, institutional type or individual institution, and programme. Also, support for student mobility in the framework of ERASMUS is awarded provided that the study achievements abroad are recognized subsequently by the home institution. Finally, the introduction of bachelor’s and master’s programmes in the “Bologna process” places a strong emphasis on facilitating recognition within Europe, but the call for more competition might imply a steeper stratification of higher education systems, which will raise barriers to recognition.
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