Brief to the World Trade Organization: World Trade and Population Health

- Daly, H. and Cobb, J. (1989) For the Common Good. Boston : Beacon Press.

Communication from Canada , " WTO and Transparency" October 1/99.

Shyrbman, S. "A legal opinion concerning water export controls and Canadian obligations under NAFTA and the WTO," 1999; http://www.wcel.org/wcelpub/1999/12926.html

- Koivusalo, M. (1999) "World Trade Organisation and Trade-Creep in Health and Social Policies," GASPP/STAKES; University of Sheffield .

Cited in Khor. M. "Experts caution against wrong issues in new round." Third World Network 7/24/99: http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/wrong.

Cited in Grimaldi, J. "Clinton offers crities a seat at WTO event ," Seattle Times Washington Bureau 11/4/99.

Cited in Khor. M. "Experts caution against wrong issues in new round," Third World Network 7/24/99, http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/wrong .

See for example, Khor, M. "G77 Ministers' message to Seattle WTO meet ," Third World Network, 9/6/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/makhor6.

e.g. Communication from the United States , "Further Negotiations As Mandated by the General Agreement on Trade in Services, (GATS)," July 28/99

George, S. "Health care attacked by WTO," Le Monde, July 1999.

- Drager, N. (1999) "Making trade work for public health," BMJ 319:1214.

Khor, M. "G77 Ministers' message to Seattle WTO meet," Third World Network, 9/6/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/makhor6 .

Communication from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, "Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries to World Agricultural Trade and the Mandated Negotiations" September 22/99.

- Koivusalo, M. (1999) "World Trade Organisation and Trade-Creep in Health and Social Policies," GASPP/STAKES; University of Sheffield.

e.g. Communication from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru , "Proposal on Protection of the Intellectual Property Rights Relating to the Traditional Knowledge of Local and Indigenous Communities," October 12/99

Communication from Kenya on behalf of the African Group , "The TRIPS Agreement," August 6/99.

Raghaven, C. "Investment, competition not ripe for negotiation, says US" Third World Network 10/14/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/ripe

Raghaven, C. "WTO members awaiting new draft text for Seattle " Third World Network 10/17/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/newdraft

The United States in particular has argued that it is important "to recognize the right of Members to take science based measures to achieve those levels of health, safety and environmental protection that they deem appropriate-even when such levels of protection are higher than those provided by international standards." (Communication from the United States, "Trade and Sustainable Development" July 30/99). We support this stance, but note the U.S. itself did not accept this position in its successful challenge against the EU ban of hormone-treated beef. We also note that this Communication calls for liberalization of trade in environmental services and goods," in which developed nations. and particularly the U.S., hold a distinct advantage. There is no mention in this Communication of the Rio 21 agreements for rich nations to assist poorer nations with "green" technology transfers.

Acheson, D. (Chair) (1998) Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report London: The Stationery Office.

Raghaven, C. "WTO members awaiting new draft text for Seattle" Third World Network 10/17/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/newdraft

- Mander, J. and Barker D. , "The World Trade Organization: Processes and Rulings" 1999; http://www.ifg.org/aboutwto

We note here our specific disagreement with Canada's WTO challenge to the EU's stricter standards on asbestos exposure.

Cited in Koivusalo, M. (1999) "World Trade Organisation and Trade-Creep in Health and Social Policies," GASPP/ STAKES; University of Sheffield.

There is an extensive literature on the economic, environmental and social determinants of health. For recent reports summarizing some of this literature, see National Forum on Health (1997) Canada's Health Action: Building on the Legacy , Ottawa: Author; and Acheson, D. (Chair) (1998) Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report London: The Stationery Office.

This research is often subsumed under the construct of "social capital," of particular and recent interest to the World Bank and other international bodies as an instrumental means to economic growth. There is also an older and far richer history of research on various aspects of social life (social networks, social support, community capacity/control) that helps to link health status and quality of life to a combination of economic development (though not necessarily growth) and public regulation/social program investments.

Labonte, R. (1999) "Health Promotion in the Near Future: Remembrances of Activism Past", Health Education Journal (in press).

The CCPA Monitor November 1998, p.3; Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives

- WHO ( 1997) Health and Environment in Sustainable Development: Five Years after the Earth Summit. Geneva: WHO.

- Undp ( 1999) Human Development Report. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Wallach, L. (1997) "Impact of NAFTA on the US Economy: Testimony before the International Trade Commission" May 15. 1997; http://www.islandnet.com/-ncfs/maisite/failure.htm

- Undp ( 1999) Human Development Report. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Undp (199) Human Development Report. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Voluntary Services Overseas " Free Trade: For Whom?" 1996, http://www.oneworld.org/vso/orbit60/trade

UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 1999, cited in Khor, M. "South must reexamine trade, investment liberalization," Third World Network, 9/16/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/liberal

World Trade Organization ( 1999) International Institute for Sustainable Development Report on the WTO's High-Level Symposium on Trade and Development http://wto-org/hlms/sumhldev.htm

National Forum on Health ( 1997) Canada's Health Action: Building on the Legacy, Ottawa: Author.

Policy Research Committee ( 1996) Growth, Human Development, Social Cohesion (Draft interim report) Ottawa: Policy Research Committee

See Koivusalo, M. and Ollila, E. (1998) "Health policies by default: the changing scene of international health policies," Helsinki: GASPP (mimeo; paper presented to World Congress of Sociology, Montreal , 1998); and Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch Backgrounder "The Alarming Multilateral Agreement on Investment," 1997; http://www.islandnet.com/plethora/maibg.html

Shrybman, S. "An Environment Guide to the World Trade Organization ," Common Front on the World Trade Organization, 1997; http://www.sierraclub.ca/national/trade-env/env-guide-wto.html

Shyrbman, S. "A legal opinion concerning water export controls and Canadian obligations under NAFTA and the WTO," 1999; http://www.wcel.org/wcelpub/1999/12926.html

Barlow, M. "Global rules could paralyze us," National Post August 31, 1999.

Khor, M. "Experts caution against wrong issues in new round," Third World Network 7/24/99; http://www.twnside.org.sg/souths/twn/title/wrong .

- Hart, M. (1996) "A Question of Fairness: The global trade regime, labour standards and the contestability of markets," Ottawa : Centre for Trade Policy and Law.