Synthetic dyes are widely used in cosmetic, textile, food, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. During dying, large volumes of synthetic dyes are directly discharged into open drains, leading to serious environmental and health hazards. This study investigates the photo-Fenton-plasma-photocatalyst synergistic triple action for degradation of synthetic dyes. The aim of this study is to remove methylene blue dye using a combined Photo-Fenton/TiO2/UV method, with an argon plasma jet serving as source of UV radiations. OES was employed to detect reactive radicals in the argon plasma jet, which drive the Photo-Fenton reaction in combination with TiO2 photocatalyst. Prior to the dye degradation experiments, the photocatalyst was characterized for its structural and morphological properties. Experimental design and optimization were conducted using the Design of Experiments, specifically the Box-Behnken design. Optimal conditions for dye degradation were determined: Fe²+ concentration of 0.50 g/L, H2O2 concentration of 2.25 g/L, and TiO2 concentration of 0.50 g/L. Under these conditions, a maximum methylene blue removal efficiency of 98.5% was achieved after 45 min of plasma exposure. According to the optimization analysis, the highest degradation was observed at Fe²+, H2O2, and TiO2 concentrations of 0.50 g/L, 1.1717 g/L, and 1.50 g/L, respectively.
Kweinor TettehEObotey EzugbeEAsante-SackeyD, et al.Response surface methodology: photocatalytic degradation kinetics of basic blue 41 dye using activated carbon with TiO2. Molecules2021; 26: 1068.
2.
RangabhashiyamSAnuNSelvarajuN. Sequestration of dye from textile industry wastewater using agricultural waste products as adsorbents. J Environ Chem Eng2013; 1: 629–641.
3.
BaldevEMubarakAliDIlavarasiA, et al.Degradation of synthetic dye, Rhodamine B to environmentally non-toxic products using microalgae. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces2013; 105: 207–214.
4.
AltafNUHNazMYShukrullahS, et al. Growth of Ag, TiO2 and AgTiO2 nanoparticles through liquid-plasma interaction for bacterial and wastewater treatment. Pak J Agric Sci2024; 61(3): 889–899.
5.
ImronMFKurniawanSBSoegiantoA, et al.Phytoremediation of methylene blue using duckweed (Lemna minor). Heliyon2019; 5: 1–6.
6.
ZhouSDuZLiX, et al.Degradation of methylene blue by natural manganese oxides: kinetics and transformation products. R Soc Open Sci2019; 6: 190351.
7.
RaufMAMeetaniMAHisaindeeS. An overview on the photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in the presence of TiO2 doped with selective transition metals. Desalination2011; 276: 13–27.
8.
TorradesFGarcía-MontañoJ. Using central composite experimental design to optimize the degradation of real dye wastewater by Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions. Dye Pigment2014; 100: 184–189.
9.
SunYHuaXGeR, et al.Investigation on pretreatment of centrifugal mother liquid produced in the production of polyvinyl chloride by air-Fenton technique. Environ Sci Pollut Res2013; 20: 5797–5805.
10.
GogatePRPanditAB. A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Adv Environ Res2004; 8: 501–551.
11.
MizrahiALitaorIM. The kinetics of the removal of organic pollutants from drinking water by a novel plasma-based advanced oxidation technology. Desalin Water Treat2014; 52: 5264–5275.
12.
BruggemanPLeysC. Non-thermal plasmas in and in contact with liquids. J Phys D Appl Phys2009; 42: 53001.
13.
LockeBRSatoMSunkaP, et al.Electrohydraulic discharge and nonthermal plasma for water treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res2006; 45: 882–905.
14.
KimJPuligundlaPMokC. Effect of corona discharge plasma jet on surface-borne microorganisms and sprouting of broccoli seeds. J Sci Food Agric2017; 97: 128–134.
15.
ChenJDuYShenZ, et al.Non-thermal plasma and BiPO4 induced degradation of aqueous crystal violet. Sep Purif Technol2017; 179: 135–144. Elsevier.
16.
LuaYWTsengYLeebJS, et al.Lateral-to-vertical growth transition of TiO2 nanorods grown on fto-glass substrate by hydrothermal process. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct2016; 11: 507–515.
17.
LeeJ-MKimM-SHwangB, et al.Photodegradation of acid red 114 dissolved using a photo-Fenton process with TiO2. Dye Pigment2003; 56: 59–67.
18.
BasturkEKaratasM. Advanced oxidation of reactive blue 181 solution: a comparison between fenton and sono-fenton process. Ultrason Sonochem2014; 21: 1881–1885.
19.
AbbasiSHasanpourM. Variation of the photocatalytic performance of decorated MWCNTs (MWCNTs-ZnO) with pH for photo degradation of methyl orange. J Mater Sci Mater Electron2017; 28: 11846–11855.
20.
Van DrielBAKooymanPJVan den BergKJ, et al.A quick assessment of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 pigments—from lab to conservation studio!Microchem J2016; 126: 162–171.
21.
NachitWTouhtouhSRamziZ, et al.Synthesis of nanosized TiO2 powder by sol gel method at low temperature. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst2016; 627: 170–175.
22.
TariqUShukrullahSKhanY, et al.Analysis of an open-air argon plasma driven photo-Fenton reaction for degradation of synthetic dyes: Optical emission spectroscopy and statistical design optimization. AIP Adv2024; 14: 115319–115330.
23.
AltafNUHNaz MYShukrullahS, et al.Statistically optimized production of saccharides stabilized silver nanoparticles using liquid–plasma reduction approach for antibacterial treatment of water. Materials 2021; 14: 5841.
24.
SharmaMKSaikiaBKBujarbaruaS. Optical emission spectroscopy of DC pulsed plasmas used for steel nitriding. Surf Coatings Technol2008; 203: 229–233.
25.
DuguetTFournéeVDuboisJM, et al.Study by optical emission spectroscopy of a physical vapour deposition process for the synthesis of complex AlCuFe (B) coatings. Surf Coatings Technol2010; 205: 9–14.
26.
HutchinsonIH. Principles of plasma diagnostics. Plasma Phys Control Fusion2002; 44: 2603.
27.
KhanikarRRBoruahPJBailungH. Development and optical characterization of an atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma jet for superhydrophobic surface fabrication. Plasma Res Express2020; 2: 45002.
28.
WieseWL. Spectroscopic diagnostics of low temperature plasmas: techniques and required data. Spectrochim Acta Part B At Spectrosc1991; 46: 831–841.
29.
NazMYShukrullahSRehmanSU, et al.Optical characterization of non-thermal plasma jet energy carriers for effective catalytic processing of industrial wastewaters. Sci Rep2021; 11: 2896.
30.
VohraASatyanarayanaT. Statistical optimization of the medium components by response surface methodology to enhance phytase production by Pichia anomala. Process Biochem2002; 37: 999–1004.
31.
Sánchez-LafuenteCFurlanettoS, Fernández-Arévalo M, et al.Didanosine extended-release matrix tablets: optimization of formulation variables using statistical experimental design. Int J Pharm2002; 237: 107–118.
32.
FerreiraSLCBruns REFerreiraHS, et al.Box-Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Anal Chim Acta2007; 597: 179–186.
33.
SohrabiMRKhavaranAShariatiS, et al.Removal of Carmoisine edible dye by Fenton and photo Fenton processes using Taguchi orthogonal array design. Arab J Chem2017; 10: S3523–S3531.
34.
BerkaniMKadmiYBoucharebMK, et al.Combinatıon of a Box-Behnken design technique with response surface methodology for optimization of the photocatalytic mineralization of CI Basic Red 46 dye from aqueous solution. Arab J Chem2020; 13: 8338–8346.
35.
YetilmezsoyKDemirelSVanderbeiRJ. Response surface modeling of Pb (II) removal from aqueous solution by Pistacia vera L.: box–Behnken experimental design. J Hazard Mater2009; 171: 551–562.
36.
AyFCatalkayaECKargiF. A statistical experiment design approach for advanced oxidation of Direct Red azo-dye by photo-Fenton treatment. J Hazard Mater2009; 162: 230–236.
37.
NogueiraRFPGuimarãesJR. Photodegradation of dichloroacetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenol by ferrioxalate/H2O2 system. Water Res2000; 34: 895–901.
38.
TorradesFPérezMMansillaHD, et al.Experimental design of Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions for the treatment of cellulose bleaching effluents. Chemosphere2003; 53: 1211–1220.
39.
Al-AshtariWAbdulsattarZ. Optimal laser treatment parameters of AA 6061-O aluminum alloy. 2006.
40.
AbbasiSZebarjadSMBaghbanSHN, et al.Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes with various content of rutile titania. Synth React Inorganic, Met Nano-Metal Chem2015; 45: 1539–1548.
41.
FatinSOLimHNTanWT, et al.Comparison of photocatalytic activity and cyclic voltammetry of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles toward degradation of methylene blue. Int J Electrochem Sci2012; 7: 9074–9084.
42.
LiCZhangJYaoZ, et al.Diagnosis of electron, vibrational and rotational temperatures in an Ar/N2 shock plasma jet produced by a low pressure DC cascade arc discharge. Plasma Sci Technol2013; 15: 875.
