In this working paper, we apply Elias' theory of "civilizing processes" to problems of gender relations, gender identities and, less systematically, to the more deeply embodied level of gender habituses in modem sport. More particularly, we hypothesize that, because it offers an explanation of both male fears of "emasculation/feminization" and the limited growth of equality between males and females which has so far occurred in the more "advanced" urban-industrial-nation-states, Elias' theory can help to account for: (i) the perceived need by males for a "masculinity-validating" enclave as a counter to "emasculation/feminization"; (ii) male opposition to direct female participation in sport; and (iii) the relative empowerment of females to an extent sufficient to enable them to enter sport in growing numbers. Preliminary empirical evidence is cited in support of these hypotheses and some of the contradictions and tensions generated in gender relations by the interrelated processes of "sportization" and "civilization" are explored.
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