The British football stadium is an example of highly tcrritorialized space. In the past one hundred years the environment of football has changed from one of unenclosed, multi functional space with considerable spatial interaction among players and spectators (weak rules of exclusion) to enclosed, segmented and monofunctional space with impermeable boundaries and efficient surveillance of crowds (strong rules of exclusion). The analogy is drawn between the spatial changes in football space and Foucault's description of the growth of the prison. There has been considerable resistance to the confining of football space and in the early 1990s there are some indications that intra-stadium boundaries are "softening" and that "post-modern" tendencies might be emerging in the landscape of British football.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Archetti, E., 1992: "Il calcio: un rituale della violenza?" In: P. Lanfranchi (ed.): Il Calcio e suo Publico . Naples: Edizione Scientifiche Italiane.
2.
Arens, W., 1980: " Playing with aggression". In: J. Cherfas and R. Lewin (eds.): Not Work Alone . London: Temple Smith, 71-83.
3.
Bakhtin, M., 1968: Rabalais and his World. Cambridge : MIT Press.
4.
Bale, J., 1991: " Playing at home: British football and a sense of place ". In: J. Williams and S. Wagg (eds.): British Football and Social Change. Leicester : Leicester University Press, 130-144.
5.
Beauchampe, S., 1986: "Family fodder". Off the Ball, November.
6.
Brohm, J.-M., 1978: Sport: a Prison of Measured TimeLondon : Ink Links.
7.
Canter, D., Coomber, M., and Uzzell, D., 1989: Football in its PlaceLondon : Routledge.
8.
Clarke, J., 1978: "Football and working class fans; tradition and change". In: R. Ingham, et al. (eds.): Football Hooliganism; the Wider Context. London: Inter-Action Inprint.
9.
Cohen, S., 1972: Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London : McGibbon and Kee.
10.
Critcher, C., 1979: "Football since the war". In: J. Clarke, C. Critcher and R. Johnson (eds.): Working Class Culture. London: Hutchinson, 161-184.
11.
Driver, F., 1985: "Power, space and the body: a critical assessment of Foucault's Discipline and Punish". Society and Space, 3, 4, 425-446.
12.
Dunning, E., and Sheard, K., 1978: Gentlemen, Barbarians and PlayersOxford: Martin Robertson.
13.
Ehrenberg, A., 1988: "Aimez vous les stades? Architecture du mass et mobilization" . Recherches, 43, 25-54.
Elias, N., and Dunning, E., 1989: Quest for Excitement. Oxford : Blackwell.
16.
Foster, J., 1992: "All-seater football stadiums 'dangerous'". The Independent, 26th January, 2.
17.
Foucault, M., 1979: Discipline and PunishHarmondsworth : Penguin
18.
Foucault, M., 1980: Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other WritingsBrighton: Harvester.
19.
Hargreaves, J., 1987: "The body, sport and power relations". In: J. Horne, D. Jary and A. Tomlinson (eds.): Sport, Leisure and Social Relations, Sociological Review Monograph, 33. London: Routledge, 139-159.
20.
Harvey, D., 1989: The Condition of PostmodernityOxford : Blackwell.
21.
Harvey, J., and Sparks, R., 1991: "The politics of the body in the context of modernity ". Quest, 43, 2,164-189.
22.
Inglis, S., 1989: The Football Grounds of Great BritainLondon: Collins.
23.
Jary, D., Horne, J., and Bucke, T., 1991: "Football 'fanzines' and football culture: a case of successful 'cultural contestation"'. The Sociological Review , 39, 3, 582-597.
24.
Johnston, R., 1991: A Question of Place: Exploring the Practice of Human GeographyOxford: Blackwell .
25.
Lefebvre, H., 1991: The Production of SpaceOxford : Blackwell.
26.
Malcolmson, R., 1979: Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700-1850 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27.
Marples, M., 1954: A History of FootballLondon : Secker and Warburg.
28.
Mason, T., 1980: Association Football and English Society, 1863-1915 . Brighton; Harvester Press.
29.
McClelland, J., 1990: "The numbers of reason; luck, logic and art in Renaissance conceptions of sport". In: J. Carter and A. Krüger (eds.): Ritual and Record. New York: Greenwood Press , 53-64.
30.
Penz, O., 1990: "Sport and speed". International Review for Sport Sociology, 25, 2, 158-167.
31.
Redhead, S., 1986: Sing When You're WinningLondon : Pluto.
32.
Redhead, S., 1991: Football with AttitudeManchester : Wordsmith.
33.
Relph, E., 1976: Place and PlacelessnessLondon : Pion.
34.
Relph, E., 1981: Rational Landscapes and Humanistic GeographyLondon: Croom Helm
35.
Sack, R., 1983: "Human territoriality: a theory". Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 73, 1, 55-74.
36.
Sack, R., 1986: Human TerritorialityCambridge : Cambridge University Press.
37.
Sibley, D., 1981: Outsiders in Urban SocietiesOxford : Blackwell.
38.
Sir Norman Chester Centre For Football Research, 1989: Football and Football Spectators after Hillsborough: a National Survey of Members of the Football Supporters Association. Leicester: Department of Sociology, Leicester University .
39.
Taylor, I., 1991: "From aggravation to celebartion". The Independent, 21 April, 31.
40.
Taylor, Lord Justice, 1990: The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster; Final ReportLondon: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
41.
Thrift, N., 1981: "Owners' time and own time". In: A. Pred (ed.): Space and Time in Geography . Lund: Gleerup, 56-70.
42.
Wagner, P., 1981: "Sport: culture and geography". In: A. Pred (ed.): Space and Time in Geography . Lund: Gleerup, 85-108.
