Sports Spectacular: A Ritual Model of Power

Arens W. , The great American football ritual, Natural History , 84, 1975, pp. 72—80.

Bateson G. , A theory of play and fantasy, in Bateson G.,Steps to an Ecology of Mind , New York, Ballantine Books, 1972, pp. 177-193.

Bateson G. , Play and paradigm, The Association for the Anthropological Study of Play Newsletter, 4, 1, 1977, pp. 2-8.

Benedict R., Ritual, in Seligman E. R. A. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, New York, The Macmillan Co., vol. 13, 1931, pp. 396-397.

Blumer H. , Collective Behavior, in Lee A McC. New Outline of the Principies of Sociology, New York, Barnes and Noble, 1951, pp. 167—224.

Bucher C.A. , Foundations of Physical Education, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Ccmpany, 6th edition, 1972.

Caillois R. , Man and the Sacred, Glencoe, Illinois, The Free Press, 1959.

Canetti E. , Crowds and Power, New York, The Viking Press, 1962, (Translated from German by Carol Stewart.)

Cheska A. , In the Service of Sport. Unpublished free verse, 1972.

Cheska A. , People at Play—An Anthropological Viewpoint. In preparaticn.

Colson E. , Power at large: meditation on 'the symposium on power,' in Fogelson R. and Adams R. N. (Eds.)

The Antropology of Power, New York, Academic Press, 1977, pp. 375—386.

Csikzentmihalyi M. , Play and intrinsic rewards, "Journal of Humanistic Psychology", 15, 1975, pp. 41-63.

de Brebeuf J. , Huron relations of 1636, in Thwaites R. G. (Ed.), The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents , Vol. 10, Cleveland, Ohio, The Burrows Brothers Comany, 1897.

Ember C. and Ember M. , Cultural Anthropology, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey , Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1973.

Ferril T.H. , Freud, football and the marching virgins , ''Readers Digest", (September), 1974, pp. 71-73.

Gardiner E.N. , Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals , London, Macmillan and Company, 1910.

Geertz C. , Religion as a cultural system, in Banton M., Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, ASA Monograph 3, London, Tavistock Publishers, Ltd., 1966, pp. 1—45.

Geertz C. , Deep play: notes on the Balinese cockfight, "Daedalus" , 101:1, pp. 1—37(Winter, 1972).

Goffman E. , Encounters, New York, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1961.

Herkimer L.R. , Cheerleading, in Slovenko R. and Knight J. A. (Eds.), Motivations in Play, Games, and Sports , Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1967, pp. 727—730.

Howard G.E. , Social psychology of the spectator , "American Journal of Sociology", 18, 1912, pp. 23-50.

Huizinga J. , Homo Ludens, A Study of the Play Element in Culture, Boston, Beacon Press, 1955.

Inoue Shun , The world of games, Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois, 1978. Mimeographed paper.

Kemrer M.F. Jr. , A re-examination of the ball game in Pre-Columbian meso america, Ceramica de Cultura et al. 5, 1968, pp. 1—25.

Kilmer S. , Sport as ritual: a theoretical approach, in Lancy D. F. and Tindall B. A., The Anthropological Study of Play: Problems and Prospects, TAASP proceedings, Cornwall, New York , Leisure Press, Inc., 1976.

Klapp O.E. , Ritual and Cult, Annals of American Sociology, Washington, D.C., Public Affairs Press, 1956 .

Leach E. , Rethinking Anthropology, London School of Economics and Political Science, Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 22. London, Athlone, 1961.

Leach E. , Time and false notes, in Lessa W. A. and Vogt E. Z., Reader in Comparative Religion, New York, Harper and Row Publishers, 1965, pp. 246— 249.

Leach E., Ritual, in Sills D. L. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York, The Macmillan Co. and the Free Press, Vol. 13, 1968, pp. 520-526.

Lee R. , Religion and Leisure in America, New York, Abingdom Press, 1964.

Levi-Strauss C. , The Savage Mind, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1966.

Loy J.W. , The nature of sport: a definitional effort, "Quest" , 10, 1968, pp. 56— 71.

Lüschen G. , Cooperation, association, and contest, "Journal of Conflict Resolution", 14:1, pp. 21-34, 1970.

MacAloon J.J. , Olympic games and the theory of spectacle in modern societies. Paper presented at Burg Wartenstein Symposium. No. 76, August 27 — September 5, 1977.

Metheny E. , Symbolic forms of movement: the feminine image in sports, in Hart M. M. (Ed.), Sport in the Socio-Cultural Process , Dubuque, Iowa, Wm. C. Brown Company , 1972.

Munn N.D. , Symbolism in a ritual context: Aspects of symbolic action, in Honigmann J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology , Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing Company, 1973, pp. 579—612.

Petryszak N. , The Cultural Evolution of Barbarism in Spectator Sports—a Comparative Analysis, "Sports Sociology Bulletin" 6:1, pp. 26—47 (Spring 1977).

Radcliffe-Brown A.R. , The Andaman Islanders, Glencoe Illinois, The Free Press, 1948. (First published in 1922.)

Random House Dictionary of the English Language College Edition , Urlang L. (Ed.), New York, Random House, 1968.

Roberts J.M. , Arth M.J. and Bush R.R. , Games in Culture, "American Anthropologist", (n.s.) 61:4, pp. 597-605(August 1959).

Schafer W.E. , Sport and male sex-role socialization , "Sport Sociology Bulletin", 4, 1975, pp. 47-54.

Spicer D.G. , The Book of Festivals, Detroit, Gale Research Company, 1969. (Reprint of 1937 edition, New York, The Womens Press.)

Stone G. , American sports: Play and dis-play, in Larrabee E. and Meyersohn R. (Eds.) Mass Leisure, Glencoe, Illinois, The Free Press, 1958, pp. 253-264.

Sutton-Smith B. and Avedon E.M. , The function of games, in Sutton-Smith B. and Avedon E. M. (Eds.), The Study of Games , New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc ., 1971, pp. 429-439.

Sutton-Smith B. , Games, the socialization of conflict , "Canadian Journal of Sport and Physical Education", 4, 1, 1973, pp. 1-7.

Toohey D.M. , Basketball, its dramatic ritual, ceremonies and social function . Paper presented at The Association for the Anthropological Study of Play ccnference. Detroit, Michigan, 1974.

Turner R.H. and Killian L.M. , Collective Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1957.

Turner V.W. , The Ritual Process, Chicago, Aldine Press, 1969.

Turner V.W. , Liminality, play, flow, and ritual: an essay in comparative symbology , in Nonbeck E. (Ed.), "The Anthropological Study of Human Play", Houston, Texas, Rice University Studies, 60, 3, 1974, pp. 53—90.

Turner V.W. , Culture and Communication, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976.

United States Olympic Committee , The Olympic Games, New York, United States Olympic Committee, n.d.

U.S. News and World Report. Americans spend 160 billions, "U.S. News and World Report", 82, 1977, pp. 63-82.

Van Gennep A. , The Rites of Passage, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1960 (translated by M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Caffee; first printed in English in 1909).

Von Neuman J. and Morgenstern O. , Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , New York, Wiley and Sons, 1944.

Winick C. , Dictionary of Anthropology, Totowa, New Jersey, Littlefield, Adams and Company, 1966.