An evaluation method of the Olympic sustainability: A systematic review

Abstract

This study is a systematic review of research evaluating the sustainability of the Olympic Games. In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, data were collected, and an analytical framework was designed to review studies on Olympic sustainability evaluation. The findings indicate that all studies used quantitative strategies, including case, comparative and survey approaches, examining sustainability across pre-Game, Game and post-Game phases from the researcher, expert and public perspectives. Evaluation frameworks were derived from official models or independently developed tools by researchers, prioritising environmental dimensions, followed by social and economic aspects. Indicators, derived from official reports, academic papers and evaluation projects, were screened for relevance and representativeness. Proxy variables such as numerical data, expert opinions or public attitudes were converted into comparable values using tools, including Likert scales and scoring cards. Appropriate descriptive or inferential statistical methods, such as weighted sums and linear regression analysis, were selected based on the research objectives for analysis. Findings revealed that the Olympic Games generally lack sustainability, particularly in delivering positive impacts. This review highlights current evaluation limitations and offers insights into improving evaluation frameworks to promote environmental, social and economic sustainability, providing a foundation for future research and policy.