The relationship between community sport clubs and social capital in Japan: A comparative study between the comprehensive community sport clubs and the traditional community sports clubs
Restricted accessOtherFirst published online June, 2010
The relationship between community sport clubs and social capital in Japan: A comparative study between the comprehensive community sport clubs and the traditional community sports clubs
Social capital has been emphasized as a way to solve various community problems, and sports are considered one way to build social capital as a catalyst for that purpose. Comprehensive community sport clubs offer not only various sports but also opportunities for communication among club members. However, most traditional community sports clubs are designed for only one type of sport, and their scope is limited in terms of gender, age, and technique. This study compares the varieties of community sport clubs, which can be separated into two types in terms of social capital. To accomplish this, we investigate the relationship between the location of sport clubs and social capital. Data obtained from written questionnaires were analysed using a t-test to determine the different types of sport clubs according to degrees of social capital. This study also examines the effects of the relationship between the type and location of community sport clubs as far as social capital is concerned. One-way ANOVA was chosen for this analysis. The results show that some differences exist in the relationship between types of sport clubs and social capital. The findings also show that the location of community sport clubs is critical to the production of social capital.
Allison L. ( 1998) Sport and civil society. Political StudiesXLVI: 709-726.
2.
Arai S., Pedlar A. ( 2003) Moving beyond individualism in leisure theory: A critical analysis of concepts of community and social engagement. Leisure Studies22(3): 185-202.
3.
Auld C. ( 2008) Voluntary sport clubs: The potential for the development of social capital. In: Nicholson M, Hoye R (eds) Sport and Social Capital . Oxford: Elsevier, 143-164.
4.
Basic Plan for the Promotion of Sports (2000 ) Policies for the Deployment of the Sports Promotion Measures . Available at http://www.mext.go.jp/english/news/2000/09/000949c.htm .
5.
Bourdieu P. ( 1986) The forms of social capital. In: Richards JC (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241-257.
6.
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (2003) Social Capital: Toward A Virtuous Circle of Rich Human Relationships and Civic Activities, Tokyo: National Printing Office (in Japanese).
7.
Chofu city (2009) The Summary of the City. Available at http://chofu.web.transer.com/bb_url_ej.php?ctw_=sT,eCR-JE,bF,hT,uaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jaXR5LmNob2Z1LnRva3lvLmpwL3d3dy9jb250ZW50cy8xMTc2MTE4ODQyODc1L2luZGV4Lmh0bWw=,f20100306185747-0,cU2hpZnRfSklT ,
8.
Collins M., Buller J. ( 2003) Social exclusion from high-performance sport. Journal of Sport & Social Issues27(4): 420-442.
9.
Coalter F. ( 2007) Sports clubs, social capita and social regeneration: Ill-defined interventions with difficult to follow outcomes? Sport in Society10(4): 537-559.
10.
Coalter F. ( 2008) Sport-in-development: Development for and through sport? In: Nicholson M, Hoye R (eds) Sport and Social Capital. Oxford : Elsevier, 40-67.
11.
Coleman JS ( 1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology94: 95-120.
12.
Coleman J. ( 1990) The Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13.
Council of Local Authorities for International Relations ( 2006) Local Government in Japan. Tokyo: Council of Local Authorities for International Relations.
14.
Cunningham G., Sagas M. ( 2005) Access discrimination in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport & Social Issues29(2): 148-163.
15.
Delaney L., Keaney E. ( 2005) Sport and Social Capital in the United Kingdom: Statistical Evidence from National and International Survey Data. London: IPPR.
16.
Doherty A., Misener K. ( 2008) Community sport networks. In: Nicholson M, Hoye R (eds) Sport and Social Capital. Oxford: Elsevier, 113-141.
17.
Dyreson M. ( 2001) Maybe it’s better to bowl alone: Sport, community and democracy inAmerican thought. Sport in Society4(1): 19-30.
18.
Ebihara O., Ebashi S. ( 1980) A study on the social functions of community sports: Analysis of community reorganization process though sports. Journal of Leisure and Recreation Studies8: 41-49.
19.
Elling A., Claringbould I. ( 2005) Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion in the Dutch sports landscape: Who can and wants to belong? Sociology of Sport Journal22: 498-515.
20.
Foley D. ( 1990) The great American football ritual: Reproducing race, class, and gender inequality. Sociology of Sport Journal7: 111-135.
21.
Fujiwara K. ( 1987) Physical movement in the aging society of Japan. International Review for the Sociology of Sport22(2): 111-124.
22.
Fukuyama F. ( 1995) Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity . New York: Free Press.
23.
Giddens A. ( 2000) The Third Way and Its Critics. London : Policy Press.
24.
Grootaert C., Narayan D., Jones N., and Woolcock M. ( 2004) Measuring social capital: An integrated questionnaire. World Bank Working Paper No. 18, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington, DC.
25.
Hanifan J. ( 1916) The rural school community center. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science67: 130-138.
26.
Harada M., Kobayashi K. ( 2005) Social capital and exercise and sport activities in local community. In: 13th Congress of the European Association for Sport Management Proceedings, p. 129.
27.
Harris J. ( 1998) Civil society, physical activity, and the involvement of sport sociologists in the preparation of physical activity professionals . Sociology of Sport Journal15(2): 138-153.
28.
Harvey J., Levesque M., and Donnelly P. ( 2007) Sport volunteerism and social capital. Sociology of Sport Journal24(2): 206-223.
29.
Hatcher L. ( 1994) Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
30.
Hartmann D., Depro B. ( 2006) Rethinking sports-based community crime prevention. Journal of Sport & Social Issues30(2): 180-196.
31.
Heinemann K. ( 1984) Socioeconomic problems of sports clubs. International Review for the Sociology of Sport19(3/4): 201-214.
32.
Henry I. ( 2006) Sport and social capital: Using sport to build integration . TAFISA Magazine, pp. 27-40.
33.
Hoye R., Nicholson M. ( 2008) Locating social capital in sport policy. In: Nicholson M, Hoye R (eds) Sport and Social Capital. Oxford: Elsevier, 69-91.
34.
Inaba S., Yamaguchi Y. ( 2009) A study on the factors influencing the evaluation of the administration in community sport clubs: From the viewpoint of the profile of clubs and social capital. Physical Education and Sports Science18: 1-10 (in Japanese).
35.
Ito K., Yamaguchi Y., Tohi T., Takami T., and Chogahara M. ( 2002) A comparative study on the management styles of multi-sports clubs from a view point of foundation types. Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development at Kobe University10(1): 53-65 (in Japanese).
36.
Jacobs J. ( 1961) The Death and Life of Greater American Cities: The Failure of Town Planning. New York: Random House.
37.
Japan Centre for Local Autonomy (2000) Revised Local Autonomy Law.
38.
Japan Sports Association (2010) Organizations of the Sports World. Available at: http://www.japan-sports.or.jp/english/about/org/org_1.html.
39.
Jarvie G. ( 2003) Communitarian, sport and social capital. International Review for the Sociology of Sport38(2): 139-153.
40.
Kawanishi M., Yamaguchi Y., Yaguchi K., Harada M., and Ikeda M. ( 1987) A study on effect of the participation in gate-ball club for the elderly on the community morale. Annals of Fitness and Sports Science2: 1-9 (in Japanese).
41.
Kline RB ( 2005) Principles and Practice of Structure Equation Modelling , 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press.
42.
Kurosu M. ( 2006) Sougougata chiki sport kurabu no resou to genjitu. In: Kiku K, Shimizu S, Nakazawa M, Matsumura K (eds) Gendai sports no perspective . Tokyo: Taishukan shoten, 118-137 (in Japanese).
43.
Loy J. ( 2001) Sociology of sport and the new global order: Bridging perspectives and crossing boundaries. In: 1st World Congress of Sociology of Sport Proceedings, pp. 1-36.
44.
Markus H., Kitayama S. ( 1991) Culture and the self implications for selves and theories of selves. Psychological Review98: 224-253.
45.
Misener L., Mason D. ( 2006) Creation community networks: Can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital? Managing Leisure11: 39-56.
46.
Morikawa S., Rogers J. ( 1987) Sports sociology in Japan. International Review for the Sociology of Sport22(1): 51-61.
47.
Nagazumi J., Enomoto S., and Matsuda Y. ( 2006) The mutually complementary relationship between the promotion of sports and social capital: Viewpoints and possibilities of social capital studies. Journal of Human Sciences of the University at Tokushima14: 9-24 (in Japanese).
48.
Nagazumi J., Enomoto S., and Sone M. ( 2009) The influences which the community-based sports club brings to the community: The examination of the relationship between participation in the programs and the social capital. Japan Journal of Lifelong Sport6(2): 1-11 (in Japanese).
49.
Nakajima T., Kawanishi M., and Suzuki F. ( 1983) A study on the social function of community sports groups: A consideration of the effects of sports group type participation for increasing community consciousness. Nagoya Journal Health, Physical Fitness, Sports6(1): 143-155 (in Japanese).
50.
National Survey on Lifestyle Preferences ( 2007) The Cabinet Office of Japan.
51.
National Survey on White Paper on Quality of Life ( 2007) The Cabinet Office of Japan.
52.
Nishide Y. ( 2007) Social capital and civil society in Japan: For policy and practical implications. PhD dissertation, Osaka University .
53.
Numerato D. ( 2008) Czech sport governing bodies and social capital. International Review for the Sociology of Sport43: 21-34.
54.
Ohashi Y., Yasuda T., and Sato M. ( 1987) The present condition and theme of community sport club in Japan. Bulletin of School of Education Okayama University76: 149-181 (in Japanese).
55.
Okatsu S., Kawanishi M., and Morino S. ( 2004) The difference of sports group and community moral - comparing the comprehensive community sports club member with non-member. Japan Journal of Lifelong Sport2(1): 7-14 (in Japanese).
56.
Palmer C., Thompson K. ( 2007) The paradoxes of football spectatorship: On-field and online expressions of social capital among the ‘grog squad’. Sociology of Sport Journal24: 187-205.
57.
Perks T. ( 2007) Does sport foster social capital? The contribution of sport to a lifestyle of community participation. Sociology of Sport Journal24(4): 378-401.
58.
Persson TH ( 2008) Social capital and social responsibility in Denmark: More that gaining public trust. International Review for the Sociology of Sport43(1): 35-52.
59.
Portes A. ( 1998) Social capital: Its origins and application in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology24: 1-24.
60.
Price M., Parker A. ( 2003) Sport, sexuality, and the gender order: Amateur rugby union, gay men, and social exclusion. Sociology of Sport Journal20: 108-126.
61.
Putnam R. ( 1995) Bowling alone: American’s declining social capital . Journal of Democracy6(1): 65-78.
62.
Putnam R. ( 2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community . New York: Simon and Schuster.
63.
Setagaya ward (2009) Setagaya city outline. Available at: http://www.city.setagaya.tokyo.jp/topics/bunkoku/outline/outline_3.html
64.
Seippel O. ( 2006) Sport and social capital. Acta Sociologica49(2): 169-183.
65.
Smith J., Ingham A. ( 2003) On the waterfront: Retrospectives on the relationship between sport and communities. Sociology of Sport Journal20: 252-274.
66.
Stempel C. ( 2005) Adult participation sports as cultural capital. International Review for the Sociology of Sport40: 411-432.
67.
Suzuki H. ( 1978) Community moral to Syakaiido no Kenkyu. Toyko: Academia Syupan (in Japanese).
68.
Taylor T. ( 2004) The rhetoric of exclusion. Journal of Sport & Social Issues28(4): 453-476.
69.
Tokyo metropolitan government (2009) The structure of the Tokyo metropolitan government. Available at: http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview05.htm.
70.
Tonts M. ( 2005) Competitive sport and social capital in rural Australia . Journal of Rural Studies21: 137-149.
71.
Uslaner E. ( 1999) Democracy and social capital. In: Warren M (ed.) Democracy and Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 121-150.
72.
Woolcock M., Narayan D. ( 2000) Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer15(2): 225-249.
73.
Yamagishi T., Yamagishi M. ( 1994) Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and Emotion18(2): 129-166.
74.
Yamaguchi S., Nogawa H., and Yamaguchi Y. ( 2008) Why do Japanese people want to be sport volunteers?, in: 29th North America Sociology of Sport Proceedings, p. 31.
75.
Yamaguchi Y. ( 2006) Integration and Sport for All: The Japanese perspective . TAFISA Magazine, pp. 41-44.
