The Development of Health Services in the Colonies-A Study of British Malaya and Singapore

1. MacPherson, S. Social Policy in the Third World: The Social Dilemmas of Underdevelopment. Wheatsheaf Books, 1982, p. 72.

2. See for example various articles in Navarro, V. (ed.), Imperialism, Health and Medicine. New York: Baywood Publishing Co. Inc., 1981 and other relevant references cited below.

3. Banerji, D. The Political Economy of Western Medicine in Third World Countries in Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care, (ed.) John McKinlay . New York: Tavistock Publications Ltd, 1984, p. 262.

4. See also Gish, O. The Political Economy of Primary Care and Health By the People: an Historical Exploration. Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 13C, No. 4, 1979, pp. 203–211; Doyal, L. and Pennell, I. Medicine and Imperialism, Chapter 7 in The Political Economy of Health. London: Pluto Press, 1979, pp. 239-290. Fanon, F. Medicine and Colonialism, Chapter 4 In A Dying Colonialism, Grove Press, 1968; also in The Cultural Crisis of Modern Medicine, Monthly Review Press, 1978, pp. 229-251; Navarro, V. The Underdevelopment of Health or the Health of Underdevelopment. International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1974, pp. 5-27; also in Chapter 1, Imperialism, Health and Medicine, op. cit, pp. 15-36.

5. Chee, H.L. Health Status and the Development of Health Services In a Colonial State: The Case of British Malaya. International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1982, pp. 397–417.

6. Chee, H.L. Health Status and the Development of Health Services In a Colonial State: The Case of British Malaya. International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1982, pp. 401 and 415.

7. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1553–1619.

8. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1560–1561.

9. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1578.

10. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1579–1580.

11. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1564, 1584-1585.

12. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1591–1592.

13. Myrdal, G. Asian Drama, An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.. New York: Pantheon, 1968, pp. 1592–1594.

14. IBRD. The Economic Development of Malaya. Report of a mission organized by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Baltimore, 1955.

15. Sigerest, H.E. The Social History of Medicine in Henry E. Sigerest on the History of Medicine, Felix Martin-Ibanez (ed.). New York: MD Publications, 1960, p. 33. See also Medical History and Medical Care, G. McLachlan and T. McKeown (eds). Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 3-4.

16. Quoted in Hospitals, Doctors and the Public Interest, John H. Knowles (ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966, p. 9.

17. Duggan, A. Tropical Medicine in British Contributions to Medical Science, William C. Gibson (ed.). London: Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, 1971, pp. 73–89.

18. Osier, W. The Nation and the Tropics. Lancet, Vol. II, 1909, pp. 1401–1406.

19. Abel-Smith, B. The History of Medical Care in Comparative Development in Social Welfare, E.W. Martin (ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1972, pp. 238–239.

20. Titmuss, R.M. Trends in Social Policy: Health in Commitment to Welfare, R.M. Titmuss , London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968, 1976, p. 228.

21. See for example Halstead, S.B. et al. (ed.), Good Health at Low Cost, New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1985 and other recent WHO or World Bank publications.

22. Abel-Smith, B. Value for Money in Health Services. London: Heinemann, 1976, p. 221.

23. McKeown, T. The Role of Medicine-Dream, Mirage or Nemesis?. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979, p. 198.

24. See for example Roemer, M.I. , The Value of Medical Care for Health Promotion, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 74, No 3, 1984, pp. 243–248 and The Value of Preventive Medicine, Ciba Foundation Symposium 110, London: Pitman, 1985.