Sarcopenia is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including frailty, disability, and mortality. Since the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 guidelines, which were published in 2020, are relatively new, studies on the association between sarcopenia as defined by these guidelines and mortality are limited in the Asian region. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the all-cause mortality risk associated with sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in rural Malaysia. This cohort study included 2404 older adults residing in Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia who were followed up for 83 months. The prevalence rates of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were 5.0% and 3.60%, respectively. Older adults with sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia had a 114% (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.14) and 146% (HR: 2.46) increased mortality risk compared with those without sarcopenia (HR: 2.14). Our findings indicate that early intervention is recommended to prevent sarcopenia in older adults.
AnkerSDMorleyJEvon HaehlingS.Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(5):512-514.
2.
ChenLKWooJAssantachaiP, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):300-307.
3.
XuJWanCSKtorisKReijnierseEMMaierAB.Sarcopenia is associated with mortality in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gerontology. 2021;4:1-16.
4.
BeaudartCZaariaMPasleauFReginsterJYBruyèreO.Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169548.
5.
PacificoJReijnierseEMLimWKMaierAB.The Association between sarcopenia as a comorbid Disease and Incidence of Institutionalisation and Mortality in Geriatric Rehabilitation Inpatients: REStORing health of acutely unwell adulTs (RESORT). Gerontology. 2021;3:1-11.
6.
KitamuraASeinoSAbeT, et al. Sarcopenia: prevalence, associated factors, and the risk of mortality and disability in Japanese older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(1):30-38.
7.
LocquetMBeaudartCHajaouiMPetermansJReginsterJYBruyèreO.Three-year adverse health consequences of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults according to 5 diagnosis definitions. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(1):43-46.
8.
XuJReijnierseEMPacificoJWanCSMaierAB.Sarcopenia is associated with 3-month and 1-year mortality in geriatric rehabilitation inpatients: RESORT. Age Ageing. 2021;50(6):2147-2156.
9.
WuXLiXXuMZhangZHeLLiY.Sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors among older Chinese population: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0247617.
Department of Statistics Malaysia D. Census 2010: Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010. Accessed 24 November, 2019. http://www.statistics.gov.my; 24/11/2019
12.
IsmailN.Pattern and Risk Factors of Functional Limitation and Physical Disability Among Community-Dwelling Elderly in Kuala Pilah, Malaysia|: bA 12-Month Follow-Up Study. University Malaya; 2016.
13.
YoshidaDShimadaHParkH, et al. Development of an equation for estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Japanese older adults using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14(4):851-857.
14.
TehHC.Validation of Malay Version of Geriatric Depression Scale Among Elderly Inpatients. Priory Medical Journals; 2004.
15.
Mohamed ZakiLRHairiNN.Chronic pain and pattern of health care utilization among Malaysian elderly population: national Health and Morbidity Survey III (NHMS III, 2006). Maturitas. 2014;79(4):435-441.
WallengrenOBosaeusIFrändinK, et al. Comparison of the 2010 and 2019 diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) in two cohorts of Swedish older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):600.
18.
LiuPHaoQHaiSWangHCaoLDongB.Sarcopenia as a predictor of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2017;103:16-22.
19.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about older adult falls. Published 26 November, 2021. Accessed 26 November, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/falls/facts.html
20.
BijlsmaAYPasmaJHLambersD, et al. Muscle strength rather than muscle mass is associated with standing balance in elderly outpatients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(7):493-498.
21.
GouveiaÉRIhleAGouveiaBRKliegelMMarquesAFreitasDL. Muscle mass and muscle strength relationships to balance: the role of age and physical activity. J Aging Phys Act. 2020;28(2):262-268.
22.
MuirSWBergKChesworthBKlarNSpeechleyM.Quantifying the magnitude of risk for balance impairment on falls in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(4):389-406.
23.
SalariNDarvishiNBartinaY, et al. Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):669.
24.
Van AncumJMScheermanKJonkmanNH, et al. Change in muscle strength and muscle mass in older hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol. 2017;92:34-41.
25.
YangMHuXWangHZhangLHaoQDongB.Sarcopenia predicts readmission and mortality in elderly patients in acute care wards: a prospective study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017;8(2):251-258.
26.
ElfilMNegidaA.Sampling methods in clinical research: an educational review. Emerg (Tehran). 2017;5(1):e52.
27.
CiolMAHoffmanJMDudgeonBJShumway-CookAYorkstonKMChanL.Understanding the use of weights in the analysis of data from multistage surveys. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(2):299-303.
28.
BellBAOnwuegbuzieAJFerronJMJiaoQGHibbardSTKromreyJD.Use of design effects and sample weights in complex health survey data: a review of published articles using data from 3 commonly used adolescent health surveys. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1399-1405.
29.
YuRWongMLeungJLeeJAuyeungTWWooJ.Incidence, reversibility, risk factors and the protective effect of high body mass index against sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14(suppl. 1):15-28.
