Evaluation of Playground Injuries based on ICD,E codes,International Classification of External Cause of Injury codes (ICECI),and Abbreviated Injury Scale coding systems

Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Singapore Standards SS 457:1999 (ICS 97.200.40) Specification for Playground Equipment for public use: 40.

Mackay M. Playground injuries. Inj Prev 2003; 9: 194-196.

Mahadev A. , Soon Myh , Lam KS Monkey bars are for monkeys: A study on playground equipment related extremity fractures in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2004 ; 45(1): 9-13.

Holder Y. , Peden M. , Krug K. et al. Injury Surveillance Guidelines. Published in conjunction with WHO and Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.2001.WHO/NMH/VIP/01.02.

Ezenkwele UA , Holder Y. Applicability of CDC guidelines toward the development of an injury surveillance system in the Caribbean. Inj Prev 2001; 7: 245-248.

Macarthur C. , Dougherty G. , Pless IB Reliability and proxy respondant information about childhood injury: an assessment of a Canadian surveillance system. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145(9): 834-41.

Norton C. , Nixon J. , Silbert JR Playground injuries to children. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:103-108.

WorldHealthOrganisation. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision, Clinical Modifications,ICD-9-CM) . Geneva: WHO, 1977.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on injury and poison prevention. The hospital record of the injured child and the need for external cause of injury codes (RE 9824). Pediatrics 1999; 103(2): 524-526.

WHO- Working Group for Injury Surveillance Methodology Development. ICECI: Guidelines for Counting and Classifying External Causes of Injuries for Prevention and Control. Amsterdam: Consumer Safety Institute, WHO Collaboration Center on Injury Surveillance, May 1998.

AIS: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (1990 revision) Update 98. Des Plaines, IL:AAAM, 1998.

DurbinDR , LocalioAR , MacKenzie EJ Validation of the ICD/AIS MAP for pediatric use. Inj Prev 2001; 7: 96-99.

Baker S. , O'Neill B. , Haddon W. , et al. The injury severity score. J Trauma 1974; 14: 187-96.

Wesson D. , Spence L. Injury scoring systems in childhood. Can J Surg 1987; 30: 398-400.

Ford EG , Jennings LM , Gibson AE , et al. The pediatric trauma score: accuracy of prediction of injury severity in a single large urban pediatric trauma experience. Contemp Orthop 1988; 16: 35-41.

Ramenofsky ML , Ramenofsky MB , Jurkovich GJ , et al. The predictive validity of the pediatric truama score. J Trauma 1988: 28(7): 1038-1042.

Hesletine P. , Holborn J. Playgrounds: The Planning, Design and Construction of Play Environments. London: Mitchell. 1987; pg 20-7.

Christoffel KK , Schidt PC , Agran PF et al. Standard definitions for childhood injury research: excerpts of a conference report. Pediatrics 1992; 89(6): 1027-34.

Macarthur C. , Pless IB Sensitivity and representativeness of a childhood injury surveillance system. Inj Prev 1999; 5: 214-6.

Stone DH , Morrison A. , Smith GS Emergency department in-jury surveillance systems: the best use of limited resources? Inj Prev 1999; 5: 166-7.