Abstract
This study empirically examines the relationship between different forms of sustainable livelihood capital and livelihood outcomes, measured as the income and expenditure capacity of peasant households in China. Overall, the results show that land and human capital are the most important determinants of expenditure-based livelihood outcomes, while other forms of capital play significantly smaller roles. In contrast, for farm income, land and technology play a greater role, highlighting the critical need to improve land productivity and promote technological upgrading. We also observe regional heterogeneity in the impact of livelihood capitals on livelihood outcomes, indicating that these effects are not uniform. Therefore, it is critical for policymakers to consider land reform to create a more efficient land market, prioritize investment in human capital and modernization, and account for regional differences to promote a more balanced development path across regions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
