Resilience is one of the most important components for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study aims to determine city resilience by computing a resilience index using four major dimensions: socio-economic, environmental, disaster risk and sustainability. Data from the Urban Centre Database (2015) were used for city-level estimation of resilience. The min–max and global goal standardization techniques were used to convert variables into a dimensionless measure, accounting for their direct relationship with the resilience index. Spatial distribution maps reveal significant disparities in socio-economic, environmental, disaster safety and sustainability indices across countries. Furthermore, significant variations in resilience were found across regions, countries and urban centres. Cities in Europe and North America exhibited higher resilience, whereas in Asian and African regions, resilience was found to be the lowest. Therefore, countries in the developing world, low-income and low-middle-income groups need to act through policy and programmes to make their cities resilient.
AhernJ. (2011). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021
2.
BirkmannJ., LiwengaE., PandeyR., BoydE., DjalanteR., GemenneF., FilhoW. L., PinhoP. F., StringerL., & WrathallD. (2022). Poverty, livelihoods and sustainable development. In Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability (pp. 1171–1274). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/9781009325844.010
3.
CartalisC. (2014). Toward resilient cities: A review of definitions, challenges and prospects. Advances in Building Energy Research, 8(2), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2014.890533
4.
ChelleriL. (2012). From the «resilient city» to urban resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Analisi Geografica, 58, 287–306. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.175
5.
CoaffeeJ. (2008). Risk, resilience, and environmentally sustainable cities. Energy Policy, 36(12), 4633–4638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.048
6.
CorbaneC., MartinoP., PanagiotisP., AnetaF. J., MicheleM., SergioF., MarcelloS., DanieleE., GustavoN., & ThomasK. (2018). The grey-green divide: Multi-temporal analysis of greenness across 10,000 urban centres derived from the global human settlement layer (GHSL). International Journal of Digital Earth, 13(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1530311
7.
CrippaM., GuizzardiD., MunteanM., SchaafE., DentenerF., Van AardenneJ. A., MonniS., DoeringU., OlivierJ. G. J., PagliariV., & Janssens-MaenhoutG. (2018). Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2. Earth System Science Data, 10(4), 1987–2013. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018
8.
CutterS. L., BarnesL., BerryM., BurtonC., EvansE., TateE., & WebbJ. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change Journal, 18, 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013
9.
ElmqvistT., AnderssonE., FrantzeskakiN., McPhersonT., OlssonP., GaffneyO., TakeuchiK., & FolkeC. (2019). Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century. Nature Sustainability, 2, 267–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0250-1
10.
FlorczykA. J., CorbaneC., EhrlichD., FreireS., KemperT., MaffeniniL., MelchiorriM., PesaresiM., PolitisP., SchiavinaM., SaboF., & ZanchettaL. (2019). GHSL data package 2019. Publications Office of the European Union (Vol. JRC117104). https://doi.org/10.2760/0726
GrafakosS., VieroG., ReckienD., TriggK., ViguieV., SudmantA., GravesC., FoleyA., HeidrichO., MiraillesJ. M., CarterJ., ChangL. H., NadorC., LiseriM., ChelleriL., OrruH., OrruK., AeleneiR., BilskaA., … DawsonR. (2020). Integration of mitigation and adaptation in urban climate change action plans in Europe: A systematic assessment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 121, 109623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109623
13.
GuneralpB., LwasaS., MasundireH., ParnellS., & SetoK. C. (2018). Urbanisation in Africa: Challenges and opportunities for conservation. Environmental Research Letters, 13(015002). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa94fe
14.
HollingC. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096802%5Cnhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2096802?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents%5Cnhttp://about.jstor.org/terms
JabareenY. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
17.
KummuM., TakaM., & GuillaumeJ. H. A. (2018). Gridded global datasets for gross domestic product and Human Development Index over 1990–2015. Scientific Data, 5, 180004. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata. 2018.4
MeerowS., NewellJ. P., & StultsM. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
20.
MeerowS., PajouheshP., MillerT. R., MeerowS., PajouheshP., MillerT. R., MeerowS., & MillerT. R. (2019). Social equity in urban resilience planning social equity in urban resilience planning. Local Environment, 24(9), 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1645103
21.
MeyerN., & AuriacombeC. (2019). Good urban governance and city resilience: An Afrocentric approach to sustainable development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(19), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195514
22.
NoyI., & YonsonR. (2018). Economic vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards: A survey of concepts and measurements. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082850
23.
Pickett-HeapsC. A., RaynerP. J., LawR. M., CiaisP., PatraP. K., BousquetP., PeylinP., MaksyutovS., MarshallJ., RödenbeckC., LangenfeldsR. L., SteeleL. P., FranceyR. J., TansP., & SweeneyC. (2011). Atmospheric CO2 inversion validation using vertical profile measurements: Analysis of four independent inversion models. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 116(12), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014887
24.
RajaramanD., TravassoS. M., HeymannS. J., SupervisorT., LiJ., GuoL. X., HeQ., WeiB., PraharajS., HanJ. H., HawkenS., JaiswalV., WefareF., BhagatR. B., WaltersV., Dhar ChakrabartiP. G., NandiS., GamkharS., GhoshA., … KumarA. A. (2014). Access to basic amenities. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 22(3), 755–772. https://doi.org/10.1177/2321024913515113
25.
The Rockefeller Foundation. (2015). City resilience framework. ARUP Group Ltd.
26.
SatterthwaiteD. (2013). The political underpinnings of cities’ accumulated resilience to climate change. Environment and Urbanisation, 25(2), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247813500902
27.
SharifA., & Khavarian-GarmsirA. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment, 749(142391). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
28.
SodiqA., BalochA. A. B., KhanS. A., SezerN., MahmoudS., JamaM., & AbdelaalA. (2019). Towards modern sustainable cities: Review of sustainability principles and trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 972–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.106
29.
TabibianM., & MovahedS. (2016). Towards resilient and sustainable cities: A conceptual framework. Scientia Iranica, 23(5), 2081–2093. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2016.2273
30.
TaluboJ. P., MorseS., & SarojD. (2022). Whose resilience matters? A socio-ecological systems approach to defining and assessing disaster resilience for small islands. Environmental Challenges, 7, 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100511
31.
UN-Habitat. (2014). A new strategy of sustainable neighbourhood planning: Five principles. In Urban Planning Discussion Note 3.
32.
UN-Habitat. (2016). City prosperity index methodology and metadata. https://cpi.unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/resources/CPIMETADATA.2016.pdf
33.
United Nations. (2019). World urbanisation prospects: The 2018 revision. https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en
34.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2023). The sustainable development goals report 2023: Special edition. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210024914
35.
World Bank. (2013). World development indicators 2013. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9824-1
