Spatial Planning for a Metropolitan Area with Regard to Ecosystem Services Supply–demand Relationships: A Case Study Conducted in Gyeonggi-do,South Korea

Abstract

Ecosystem services play a crucial role in promoting sustainable development by contributing to human well-being. Achieving sustainable development necessitates a balance between the supply and demand for ecosystem services. In this study, a factor analysis was performed using ecosystem service measurement results to evaluate the supply of ecosystem services. Additionally, national statistical data representing socio-economic factors were analysed to understand the demand for these ecosystem services. The study conducted a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, categorizing ecosystem service supply into the following three key factors: mixed service provision, food supply and phosphorus retention. Simultaneously, the demand for these services, derived from socio-economic factors, was classified into factors representing shrinking cities, densely populated areas and economically active regions. The study identified balanced local governments in Goyang, Osan, Paju, Pyeongtaek, Pocheon, Yeoju, Siheung and Guri, while Suwon, Hwaseong, Yongin, Gwangju, Yeoncheon, Yangpyeong and Namyangju were identified as unbalanced. In response, a management plan was proposed to ensure equilibrium between ecosystem service supply and demand in South Korea categorized. The analysis method and results of this study are applicable to various local governments, providing an invaluable resource for maintaining the balance between ecosystem service supply and demand.