This study explores Turkey’s strategic expansion across the African continent between 2011 and 2021, with a focused analysis on its engagement in Ethiopia, Libya and Somalia. Anchored in a theoretical framework that blends neoclassical realism, soft and hard power theory, and middle power diplomacy, the research investigates how Turkey has transitioned from a peripheral actor to a proactive regional influencer. The study reveals that Turkey’s foreign policy in Africa combines humanitarian aid, educational outreach and cultural diplomacy with military training programmes, arms sales and the establishment of military bases. In Somalia, Turkey has operated as a state-builder through aid, infrastructure and military cooperation. In Libya, Ankara has strategically deployed hard power to secure post-conflict influence and energy routes. In Ethiopia, it has pursued hybrid engagement, leveraging both economic investment and defence partnerships to enhance its regional foothold. This multifaceted approach reflects Turkey’s broader geopolitical ambition to assert itself as a middle power in the evolving international order. By balancing ideological narratives, economic pragmatism and strategic militarism, Turkey has carved out a sustainable role in shaping Africa’s security, development and diplomacy.
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