Undoubtedly, reliable, efficient infrastructure is crucial to economic and social development and the promotion of pro-poor growth. Poor infrastructure impedes a nation’s economic growth and international competitiveness. In fact, it has long been recognised that an adequate supply of infrastructure services is an essential ingredient for productivity and growth. Moreover, improvements in productivity lead to increased trade and can foster regional integration through improved intra-regional trade and industrial relocation. This article analytically reviews and assesses infrastructure constraints and development in Kenya within the context of the way forward for meeting the outcomes of the country’s Vision 2030 and its long-term development prospects.
Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) (2010), Kenya’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
2.
Calderón, C. (2009), ‘Infrastructure and Growth in Africa’, Policy Research Working Paper 4914. Washington, DC: World Bank.
3.
Calderón, C. and L. Servén (2010), ‘Infrastructure and Economic Development in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of African Economies, 19(Supplement 1): i13–87.
4.
Delmon, J. (2011), Public-Private Partnership Projects in Infrastructure: An Essential Guide for Policy Makers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Eberhard, A., V. Foster, C. Briceño-Garmendia, F. Ouedraogo, D. Camos and M. Shkaratan (2008), ‘Underpowered: The State of the Power Sector in sub-Saharan Africa’, Background Paper 6. Washington, DC: World Bank.
6.
Foster, V. and C. Briceño-Garmendia (2010), Africa’s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. Washington, DC: World Bank.
7.
Foster, V. and J. Steinbuks (2009), ‘Paying the Price for Unreliable Power Supplies: In-house Generation of Electricity by Firms in Africa’, Policy Research Working Paper 4913. Washington, DC: World Bank.
8.
Geothermal Development Company (GDC) (n.d.[a]), ‘Who We Are’. Available online at http://www.gdc.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=139&Itemid=203, accessed on 28 February 2011.
9.
Geothermal Development Company (GDC) (n.d.[b]), ‘GDC Business Plan & Strategy’. Available online at http://www.gdc.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=155, accessed on 28 February 2011.
10.
Gerrard, M.B. (2001), ‘Public-Private Partnerships’, Finance & Development, 38(3), Online Edition. Available online at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/gerrard.htm, accessed on 13 December 2010.
11.
Government of India (2010), ‘Approach Paper on Defining Public Private Partnerships: Discussion Note’. New Delhi: Ministry of Finance. Available online at http://www.pppinindia.com/pdf/ppp_definition_approach_paper.pdf, accessed on 10 December 2010.
12.
Grimsey, D. and M.K. Lewis (2007), Public-Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
13.
Kenya Electricity Transmission Company Limited (KETRACO) (n.d.), ‘Our History’. Available online at http://www.ketraco.co.ke/about/history.html, accessed on 12 January 2011.
14.
Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) (n.d.[a]), ‘Port Throughput 2002–2006’. Available online at http://www.kpa.co.ke/security/ISPS%20CODE/Documents/THROUGHPUT.pdf, accessed on 12 December 2010.
15.
Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) (n.d.[b]), ‘Port Throughput 2005–2009’. Available online at http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/Performance/Annual/Pages/TotalThroughput.aspxsed, accessed on 12 December 2010.
16.
Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) (n.d.[c]), ‘Ports Vital in Improving Regional Trade’. Available online at http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/PORTSVITALINIMPROVINGREGIONALTRADE.aspx, accessed on 12 December 2010.
17.
Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) (2010), ‘New Second Terminal to Double Port Capacity’. Available online at http://www.kpa.co.ke/InfoCenter/News/Pages/NEWSECONDTERMINALTODOUBLEPORTCAPACITY.aspx, accessed on 12 December 2010.
18.
Kusi, A.A. (2011), ‘History Made as UN Clears Kenya’s Sh950bn Nuclear Energy Project’, Daily Nation, 1 April, pp. 1–2.
19.
Mbekeani, K.K. (2010), ‘Infrastructure, Trade Expansion and Regional Integration: Global Experience and Lessons for Africa’, Journal of African Economies, 19(Supplement 1): i88–113.
20.
National Council for Public-Private Partnerships (NCPPP) (n.d.), ‘Types of Public-Private Partnerships’. Available online at http://www.ncppp.org/howpart/ppptypes.shtml, accessed on 12 December 2010.
21.
Ncube, M. (2010), ‘Financing and Managing Infrastructure in Africa’, Journal of African Economies, 19(Supplement 1): i114–64.
22.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2008), ‘Infrastructure to 2030’, Policy Brief. Paris: OECD.
23.
Ong’olo, D.O. (2006), ‘Public Private Partnerships (PPP): Practice and Regulatory Policy in Kenya’, paper prepared for the Institute of Economic Affairs. Available online at http://www.ieakenya.or.ke/documents/Public%20Private%20Parternerships.pdf, accessed on 12 December 2010.
24.
Partnerships British Columbia (2003), ‘An Introduction to Public Private Partnerships’. Available online at http://www.partnershipsbc.ca/pdf/An%20Introduction%20to%20P3%20-June03.pdf, accessed on 13 December 2010.
25.
Republic of Kenya (2007), Kenya Vision 2030: A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.
26.
Republic of Kenya (2008), Kenya Vision 2030: First Medium Term Plan (2008–2012). Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.
27.
Republic of Kenya (2009), ‘The Public Procurement and Disposal (Public Private Partnerships) Regulations, 2009’, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 17, Legislative Supplement No. 13. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.
28.
Republic of Kenya (2010a), First Annual Progress Report on the Implementation of the First Medium Term Plan (2008–2012) of Kenya Vision 2030. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya.
29.
Republic of Kenya (2010b), Public Expenditure Review: Policy for Prosperity 2010. Nairobi: Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030.
30.
Republic of South Africa (n.d.), ‘What is PPP’. Pretoria: PPP Unit, National Treasury. Available online at http://www.ppp.gov.za/, accessed on 11 December 2010.
31.
Savas, E.S. (2000), Privatization and Public Private Partnerships. New York: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press.
32.
Sluger, L. and S. Satterfield (2010), How Do You Like Your Infrastructure: Public or Private?Alexandria, VA: Society for Marketing Professional Services Foundation.
33.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) (2011), Infrastructure for Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.
34.
Webb, R. and B. Pulle (2002), ‘Public Private Partnerships: An Introduction’, Research Paper No. 1 2002–03. Canberra: Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia.
35.
World Bank (n.d.), ‘Enterprise Survey Database’. Available online at http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/ExploreTopics/?topicid=8, accessed on 11 December 2010.
36.
World Bank (2007), ‘Technical and Economic Assessment of Off-grid, Mini-grid and Grid Electrification Technologies’, ESMAP Technical Paper 121/07. Washington, DC: World Bank.
37.
World Bank (2008), Kenya: Accelerating and Sustaining Inclusive Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
38.
World Bank (2010), Kenya Economic Update: Running on One Engine: Kenya’s Uneven Economic Performance with a Special Focus on the Port of Mombasa. Nairobi: World Bank.
39.
World Bank and PPIAF (Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility) (2007), Public-Private Partnership Units: Lessons for their Design and Use in Infrastructure. Washington, DC: World Bank.
