Nigeria's Foreign Policy in a Changing International Environment: A New Agenda

1. Adebayo A. Olukoshi , “Some Remarks on the Implications of Perestrolka and Glasnost for the World Order,” Publication of a Special Conference of the Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA). July 1991, p. 234.

2. The phrase “New World Order” was coined by the Bush Administration. See James Schleslnger, “New Instabilities, New Priorities” In Jide Owoeye (ed.). Understanding the New World Order (Ibadan: College press Ltd; 1993) pp. 69-81. However, the picture of the post-Cold War order is not yet clear and sharp as there is no Identifiable one as yet. See for instance, Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilization?” Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993), pp. 22-40.

3. Morten Ougaad , ”The US State in the New Global Context,” In Jide Owoeye (ed.). Ibid, p. 107.

4. John W. Spanler , American Foreign Policy Since World War II, (London: Thomas Nelson and Son, Ltd., Fourth Revised Edition, 1972), p. 107.

5. See Ibid for an exhaustive discussion of these major events In world politics.

6. Olukoshi A. , op. cit., p. 240.

7. Julius W. Pratt , A History of United States Foreign Policy (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs. 2nd Edition, 1965). p. 473.

8. Imobighe T. A. , ”NATO as a Factor In American “Cold War” Politics in Africa During the Kissinger Era,” Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 4, no. 1 and 2. 1978, p. 21.

9. See Footnote 7.

10. Julius Pratt , op. cit., p. 471.

11. Ibid, p. 472.

12. John Spanier , op. cit., p. 241.

13. Owolabi A. O. , “China, Soviet Union and the Angolan Independence Struggle” Lusophone Areas Studies Journal, no. 5, June 1986, p. 99.

14. Olukoshi , op. cit., p. 246.

15. Adigun Agbaje , “Gorbachev's Moscow Spring, In Perspective: Practice, Precepts and Prospects,” In Publication of a special Conference of the NPSA , July, 1991, p. 7.

16. Mikhail Gorbachev , perestrolka: New Thinking for our Country and the World, (London: Fantana, 1988), p. 143.

17. Agbaje A , op. cit., p. 22.

18. Ibid, p. 23.

19. Alaba Ogunsamwo , “Perestroika, Glasnost and the Rest of Us,” in Publication of the NPSA, op. cit. , pp. 65-66.

20. It is a world order in which the American foreign policy has astonishingly triumphed.

21. See Northedge F.S. , The Foreign Policies of the Powers (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), p. 15.

22. See Federal Ministry of Information, News release no. 780, June 29, 1976.

23. Nigeria , The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. 1979. (Lagos: Government Printers, 1970), Section 19, p. 10.

24. New Nigeria, Sunday, May 7, 1984.

25. Newswatch, Lagos, Vol. 1, no. 5, March 4, 1985, p. 7.

26. See I.B. Babangida, The Path of Nigeria's Foreign Policy,” The Guardian , April 11, 1980, p. 19.

27. Cited in Olusanya G. O. Akindele R. A. , ”Nigeria's Foreign Policy in the Future: An Introductory Review,” Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 12, no. 1 and 2, 1986. pp. 3-4.

28. Daily Times. (Lagos), February 15, 1991, p. 1.

29. James Sehlesinger, op. cit. , p. 78.

30. For details of the Gulf War, See Kunle Amuwo, The Gulf War and its effects on the Global Economy With Special Reference to the Third World,” Journal of Issues on Social Science, vol. 1, no. 2, October, 1991.

31. Claude Ake C.F. , The New World Order: A View From the South. (Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited, 1992), p. 4.

32. See Richard Rosecrance, “Regionalism and the Post-Cold War Era,” International Journal, vol. 46, Summer 1991, p. 375.

33. Cited In Michael K. Haves, “Canada and the United States In a challenging global Context, “ International Journal, vol. 46, Winter 1990-91, p. 1. There are may other variations in the conception of a New World Order, all the views agree on the prominent role of the United state of America In collective security. See for Instance Z. Brzezinski, “Order, Disorder and US Leadership. “The Washington Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 2, Spring 1991; C.D. Blacker, “The Collapse of Soviet Power in Europe, “ Foreign Affairs, vol. 70, no. 1, 1990-91, America and the World; J. W. Gaddls, 'Towards the Post-Cold War World,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 70, no. 2, Spring 1991; C. Krauthammer, The Unipolar Moment.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 70. no. 1 1991; W. Paff, “Redefining World Power,” Foreign-Affairs, vol. 70. no. 1, 1990-91; A.Z. Rubinstein, “New World Order or Hollow Victory?” Foreign Affairs, vol. 70, no. 4. Fall 1991.

34. Yoichi Funabashi, “Japan and the New World Order,” In Jide Owoeye, op. cit. , p. 155.

35. For details, see Jinmi Adisa , ”National Interests and Values,” In Ekoko A. E. Vogt M.A. (eds.), Nigerian Defence Policy: Issues and Problems, (Lagos: Malthouse Press Ltd., 1990), pp. 25-31.

36. Vogt M. A. , “Nigeria and the World Powers,” in A.E. Ekoko and M.A. Vogt (eds.), op. cit. , p. 85.

37. See Arikpo O. , ”Nigeria and the Organization of African Unity,” Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 1, 1975, p.2.

38. Julius Ihonvbere , ”Nigeria as Africa's Great Power: Constraints and Prospects for the 1990s,” International Journal, Vol. 46, Summer 1991, p. 534.

39. Zartman I. W. , ”Changing Forms of Conflict Mitigation,” In Robert O. Slater , et. al., Global Transformation and the Third World, (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993), p. 333.

40. Garba J. N. , The New Nigerian Foreign Policy,” Quarterly Journal of administration. Volume 9, 1977, p. 114.

41. In both military and financial terms, Nigeria is currently playing a leading role in resolving the current Liberian crisis.