Gandhi in South Africa: A Study in Social Accounting ∗

1. cf. Nanda B.R. , Mahatma Gandhi: A Biography (Unwin Books, 1965), p. 9.

2. Louis Fischer , Gandhi—His Life and Message for the World (New York, 1954), p. 8.

3. The present African States are former European Colonics whose borders are traceable not to internal African consent but to international agreements beginning with the 1884–85 Berlin conference.

4. Robert H. Jackson Carl G. Rosberg , Sovereignity and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Criss, Jnl, of Mod. Af: St., 24, 1 (1986), p.6. Professor Jackson is a Professor of Political Science at the University of British Columbia, Vancouer (Canada), while Professor Roseberg is a Professor of Political Science and Director of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California, Berkley. Writing in 1986, the two distinguished Professors assert that “In Tropical Africa, many so-called states are seriously lacking in the essentials of statehood. They are ramschacle regimes of highly personal rule that are severely deficient in institutional authority and organisational capacity.” They maintain that under a well defined definition of the state, “the term denotes an independent political structure of sufficient authority and power to govern a defined territory and its population: emperical statehood.” (p. 1)

5. ibid., p.5.

6. Coupland R. , East Africa and Its Invadors, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1956), p. 13.

7. Jackson Rosberg , op.cit., pp. 4–8.

8. John Browett , “The Evolution of Unequal Development Within South Africa: An Overview”, in Smith David M. , Living under Apartheid (George Allan and Unwin, 1982), p. 13.

9. The urban population of the Transvaal increased from some 4000 persons in the 1870s to more than 600,000 by 1922, largely due to the growth of the Prctoria-Witwaterstrand urban region, while Johnnesberg had replaced Cape Town as the largest urban centre. As much as 37 per cent of the total urban population was located in major gold and diamond mining centres by 1911 and another 23 per cent in four port centres — Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and East London.

10. cf., R.A. Huttenback, Gandhi in South Africa (1971), p. 43.

11. De Kiewiet C.W. , A History of South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1941), p. 234.

13. Nanda B.R. , op.cit., p. 138.

14. ibid., p. 51.

15. See Swan Maureen Gandhi — The South Africa Experience (Ravan Press, Johanerberg), 1985, pp. 271–74.

16. ibid., p. 138.

17. ibid , p. 115.

18. ibid., pp. 112–113.

19. cf., Louis Fischer, op.cit., p. 52.

20. Gunnar Myrdal , Asian Drama: An Enquiry into the Poverty of Nations (Penguin Books, 1968), p. 453.

21. Louis Fischer , op. cit., p. 143.

21. Kwame Nkrumah , An Autobiography , pp. vii–viii

23. ibid., pp. 111–112.

24. cf., All A. Mazrui and Michael Tidy, Nationalism and New States in Africa, p. 168. It will be remembered that Luthuli received the Noble Peace Prize for 1960 for his efforts towards non-violent change in South Africa.

25. See Harijan, 4 March 1936, cf. Sankar Ghose. Mahatama Gandhi (Allied Publishers, New Delhi), 1991, p. 386.