American Diplomacy and India: Commercial and Technical Undercurrents 1938–1946

1 Singh D.P. , “American Official Attitudes towards the Indian Nationalist Movement, 1905–1929” (Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1984); M. Jha, “The United States and India: A Study of Official and Non-Official Views in the United States towards Political Developments of India, 1930–1935” (Ph. D. Dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1967); E.R. Schmidt, American Relations with South Asia, 1900–1940” (Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1955); G.R. Hess, America Encounters India 1941–1947 (Baltimore, 1971); R.P. Morris, The Emerging Nations and the American Revolution (New Delhi, 1974); R.C. Jauhri, American Diplomacy and Independence for India (Bombay t 1970); Christopher Thome, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 (Oxford, 1978); Betty Miller Unterberger, “American “Views of Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Pakistan Liberation Movement,” Diplomatic History (Wilmington, Delaware), Vol. 5, No. 4, Fall 1981, pp. 313–336; Congressional Record, Appendix, 79th Congress, Vol. 91, Part 13 (Washington, 1945) pp. A 5548 and A 5563, are some of the works that throw light on these aspects.

2 US Archives (Washington, D.C.) Reference No. 0973 Z 1092. It was originally a classified document. The classification was changed to unclassified after the War. However, it has not been published in any of the volumes of the Foreign Relations of the United States series concerning India or the Commonwealth or the United Kingdom.

3 Kamath M.V. , The United States and India, 1776–1976 (Bombay, 1976), p. 5. Also sec G. Bhagat, Americans in India, 1784–1860 (New York, 1970), pp. 86–87 for details of Joy's appointment.

4 Livermore Seward W. , “Early Commercial and Consular Relations with the East Indies,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 1946, p. 32.

5 Furber Holden , “The Beginnings of American Trade with India, 1784–1812,” New England Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 2, June 1938, pp. 235–265.

6 Tripathi D. , The United States and India: Economic Links, 1860–1900 (Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin), 1963, p. 4.

7 For a comprehensive account of early Indo-US trade relations, see Gokhale B.G. , “India, America and Cornwallis,” Journal of Indian History, Vol. 39, No. 1, April 1961, pp. 75–91; Holden Furber, “The Beginnings of American Trade with India. 1784–1812,” New England Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 2, June 1938, pp. 235–265; C.B. Tripathi, “The Beginning of American Ice Trade with India,” in G.S. Dikshit (Ed.): American History by Indian Historians (Hyderabad, 1970), Vol, II. pp. 113–118; D. Tripathi, “Indo-American Trade: Ice and Kerosene,” Itihas Anushilan Vol. I, No. 1, June 1967, pp. 81–90; D. Tripathi “An Eeho Beyond the Horizon: The Effect of the American Civil War on India“, Journal-of Indian History, Golden Jubilee Volume (Trivandrum, 1973), pp. 632–665.

8 For fuller discussion, see, Tripathi D. , “A Shot from Afar: India and the Failure of Cotton Diplomacy”, Indian Journal of American Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, July 1980, pp. 74–89; D. Tripathi, “The King and the Commoner: American Cotton Tax and Indian Cotton, 1865–1867“, Indian History Congress, Proceedings, 28th Session (Mysore, 1966), pp. 494–503; D. Tripathi. “India's Challenge to America in the European Markets: 1876–1900,” Indian Journal of American, Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1969, pp. 56–67.

9 Natarajan L. , American Shadow over India (Bombay, 1952), pp. 3–4.

10 Mudumbai Srinivas C. , United States Foreign Policy Towards India, 1947–1954 (Delhi, 1980), p. 5.

11 United Kingdom, Eire, Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Egypt, Iceland, India, Burma, Iraq and British Colonies and Mandates.

12 Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers (hereafter cited as FRUS), 1939, Vol. II (Washington, 1956), p. 350.

13 Ibid., p. 349.

14 Ibid., p. 350.

15 Ibid., p. 352.

16 For details, see the draft of the proposed treaty in FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1939, Vol. II (Washington, 1956), pp. 354–364.

17 FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1939, Vol. II. p. 353.

18 For details, see revised draft of the proposed treaty in FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1941. Vol. Ill (Washington, 1959), pp. 189–191.

19 FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1941, Vol. Ill, p. 190.

20 Ibid., p. 190.

21 Ibid., p. 194.

22 Hull Cordell , Memoris Vol. II (New York, 1948,) p. 1483.

23 FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, Vol. IV (Washington. 1964). p. 239.

24 Jauhri R.C. , op. cit., p. 50.

25 Hull Cordell , Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 1496.

26 Venkataramani M.S. Srivastava B.K. , Roosevelt-Gandhi-Churchill, America and the Last Phase of India's Freedom Struggle (New Delhi, 1983), p. 25.

27 FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1942, Vol I, (Washington, 1960), p. 593; L.K. Rosinger, India and the United States (New York, 1950), pp. 23–24.

28 Department of State, Bulletin, 28 March, 1942 (Washington, 1942), p. 260.

29 FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1942, Vol. I, p. 641.

30 Department of State, Bulletin, 12 S***eptember 1942 (Washington, 1942), p. 749.

31 Khair Mohammad Abdul , United States Foreign Policy in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent, 1939–1947 (Decca, 1968), p. 107.

32 Masland John W. , “Commercial Influence upon American far Eastern Policy, 1937–1941”, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. III, No. 3, September 1942, p. 285.

33 Unpublished Secret Memorandum entitled “Curbs on United States Trade by Government of India,” dated 20 June 1945 in the old files of the Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch, R & A No. 3249, U.S. Archives (Washington. D.C.).

34 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt Vol. 8, 1939 (New York, 1941), p. XXV.

35 Bemis Samuel Flagg , The United States as a World Power, A Diplomatic History, 1900–1950 (New York, 1950), p. 272.

36 For details on India's contribution of laubor force, especially in the North East, see Romanus Charles F. Sunderland Riley , United States Army in World War II, China-Burma-India Theatre (Washington, D.C.), 1959, pp. 300–301. Also see, Frances Gunther, Revolution in India, (New York, 1944), p. 92.

37 Gardner Lloyd-C. , Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy 1941–1949 (Chicago, 1970), p. 127.

38 Behre Charles H. , “India's Mineral Wealth and Political Future,” Foreign Affairs-(New York, N.Y.), Vol. 22, October 1943, p. 81.

39 Ibid., pp. 83–88.

40 Gardner Lloyd C. , Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941–1949, p. 127.

41 Unpublished Secret Memorandum entitled, “Curbs on United States Trade by Government of India”, dated 20 June 1945, in the old files of the Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch, R & A No. 3249, US Archives-Washington, D.C.).

42 Khair Mohammad Abdul , United States Foreign Policy in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent, 1939–1947, p. 87. For Lend-Lease also see, Frances Gunther, Revolution in India, Appendix-A, “Lend-Lease in India“, pp. 92–106.

43 Nataranjan L. , American Shadow Over India (Bombay, 1952), p. 23.

44 Goodrich Leland M. Carroll Marie J. , eds., Documents on American Foreign-Relations Vol. VI, July 1943-June 1944 (Boston, 1945), p. 223.

45 For a detailed account, see, Tripathi D. , “The Silver Question: India and America,” Journal of India History, Vol. 44, No. 3 (December, 1966), pp. 789–798.

46 The Public Paper and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 12, 1943 (New York 1950), p. 517.

47 Ibid., p. 517.

48 Goodrich Leland M. Carroll Marie J. (Eds.): Documents on American Foreign-Relations, Vol. VIII-July 1945-June, 1946 (Boston, 1948), p. 144.

49 Department of State, Bulletin, May 26, 1946 (Washington, 1946), p. 916.

50 Ibid., p. 916.

51 Mudumbai Srinivas C. , op. cit., p. 12.

52 Department of State, Bulletin, 28 April, 1946 (Washington, 1946), p. 733.