1 The largest contingent came from Nigeria with over 100,000, followed by Egypt with nearly 84,000 and Iran with 75,000 pilgrims.Consult Facts on File (New York), Vol. 14, no. 2135, 16 October 1981, p. 757.
2.
2 A Kanemi Chief is said to be the first recorded pilgrim.TriminghamJ. S., The Influence of Islam Upon Africa (London and New York, 1968), p. 64.
3.
3 See “Mansa Musa of Mali”Encyclopaedia Btitannica: Macropaedia Knowledge in Depth (London, Chicago and Toronto, 1983), Vol. 11, p. 458 and BovillE.W., The Golden Trade of the Moors (2nd rev. edition, 1968) contains a chapter on Mansa Musa.
4.
4 ThomasW. Lippman, Islam: Politics and Religion in the MuslimWorld (Foreign Policy Association Inc., New York, 1982). Headline Series No. 258, p. 12.
5.
5 Kanya ForstnerA.S., “Mali-Tukulor” in MichaelCrowder (Ed.), West African Resistance (New York, 1971), p. 53. Cited by Ali A. Mazrui, “Africa Entrapped: Between the Protestant Ethic and the Legacy of Westphalia,” in HeadlyBull (Ed.), The Expansion of International Society (forthcoming 1984).
6.
6 Ibid. p. 292.
7.
7 See for example West Africa (London), no. 3473, 12 March 1984, p. 539.
8.
8 MuhamedOmer Beshir, Terramedia: Themes in Afro-Arab Relations (London, 1982), p. 15.
9.
9 AliKheirEddineAl-Bakri, “African-Arab Cooperation 1955–1974,” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation presented to Howard University, Washington D.C., 14 July 1975, p. 12.
10.
10 AliA. Mazrui, “The Semitic Impact on Black Africa: Arab and Jewish Cultural Forces,” Unpublished manuscript forthcoming in Issue (1984).
11.
11 StevensonR.C., “Some Aspects of the Spread of Islam in the Nuba Mountains (Kordofan Province, Republic of the Sudan),” in LewisI. M. (Ed.), Islam in Tropical Africa (London, 1966), p. 209 and AliA. Mazrui, “Eura-Africa, Eurabia, and African-Arab Relations: The Tensions of Tripolarity,” in DunstanM. Wai (Ed.), Interdependence in a World of Unequals: African-Arab-OECD Economic Cooperation for Development (Boulder, Colorado, 1982), pp. 20–21.
12.
12 MartinB.G., “Arab Migrations to East Africa in Medieval Times,” I.J.A.H.S., Vol. 7, 1974, pp. 367–390 and AllenJ., pp. 105–138. Also consult RandallPouwelsL., “Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula: Relations in a Historical Perspective,” specially written for Africa and the Arab Middle East: Relations in Perspective DunstanM. Wai, 1984).
13.
13 JacquesBaulin, The Arab Role in Africa (London, 1962), p. 31.
14.
14 TareqY. Ismael, “Religion in the UAR-African Policy,” The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge, U. K.), Vol. 6, May 1968, p. 51.
15.
15 LeoAfricanus, (Arabic name Al-Hassan Ibn Muhammed al-Wazzan al-Zaiyati or al-Fasi, born Circa 1485, Granada, Spain-died Circa 1554 Tunis), traveller whose writings remained, for some 400 years, one of Europe's principal source of information about Islam. This particular quote is cited by Charles Hobson and David Harrison, in “The Africans” presented by Ali A. Mazrui, a working outline of nine programmes based on discussions between BBC/WETA/PBS. Unpublished manuscript. November, 1982.
16.
16 IbrahimAbu Lughod, “The Islamic Factor in African Politics,” Vol. 8, Summer 1964, p. 426.
17.
17 ThomasHodgkin, “Islam and Politics in West Africa,” West Africa, 3 November, 1956, p. 869.
18.
18 Ibid.
19.
19 For a stimulating discussion of this theme consult I.W. Zartman, “The Sahara: Bridge or Barrier?” International Conciliation, no. 543, January 1963, p. 41.
20.
20 GamalAbdel Nasser, The Philosophy of the Revolution, Economica English Edition (Buffalo, 1959), p. 74.
21.
21 AliA. Mazrui “Nasser and Africa—an Introduction,” Unpublished MS, p. 7a.
22.
22 ThomasHodgkin, Nationalism in Colonial Africa (New York, 1971), p. 71.
23.
23 Ibid., pp. 160–163.
24.
24 Ibid., pp. 93–94.
25.
25 GamalAbdel Nasser, The Philosophy of the Revolution, n. 20, pp. 70–71.
26.
26 LewisI.M.In the “Introduction” to her edited volume Islam in Tropical Africa (London, 1966), pp. 83–84.
27.
27 LansineKaba, The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa (Evanston, II., 1974) p. 12.
28.
28 Ibid.
29.
29 al-Ahram (Cairo), 23 July 1971.
30.
30 LansineKaba, The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa, n. 27, pp. 23–24.
31.
31 IbrahimAbu-Lughod, “Retreat from the Secular Path? Islamic Dilemmas of Arab Politics,” The Review of Politics (Notre Dame, US), 22 October 1966, p. 456.
32.
32 Ibid.
33.
33 WilliamH. Lewis, “Politics and Islam in North Africa,” Current History, Vol. 56, March 1969, p. 137.
34.
34 Ibid., p. 137.
35.
35 AbuLughod, “Retreat from the Secular Path? Islamic Dilemmas of Arab Politics,” n. 31, p. 472.
36.
36 LansineKaba, The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa, n. 27, p. 257. For a related discussion on the same theme consult Ruth Schacter Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa (Oxford, 1964), p. 258.
37.
37 SulaymanS. Nyang “Islam and Pan-Africanism,” Unpublished manuscript, Howard University, Washington, D. C., July 1974, p. 5.
38.
38 GamalAbdel Nasser, The Philosophy of the Revolution n. 20, p. 74.
39.
39 DavidMarinaOttaway, Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970), pp. 241–242.
40.
40 WilliamH. Lewis, “Nationalism and Modernism” in JamesKritzeckWilliamH. Lewis (Eds.), Islam in Africa (New York, 1969), pp. 192–193. Lewis discusses some of the conflicts between practising Muslims and the secularists.
41.
41 Ibid., p. 8.
42.
42 SergeantR.B., “The Religions of the Middle East and North Africa” in The Middle East and North Africa 1983–1984 (London, 1983), (Thirteenth edition), p. 24.
43.
43 AliA. Mazrui, “Islam, Political Leadership and Economic Radicalism in Africa,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, (Cambridge, U. K), no. 9, April 1967, p. 284.
44.
44 SergeantR.B., “The Religions of the Middle East and North Africa,” n. 42, p. 25.
45.
45 See for example, Phillipe Decraene, “Africa and the Middle East Crisis: Is the Romance with Israel Over,” Africa Report (New Brunswick NJ), Vol. 18, May-June 1973, pp. 20–24.
46.
46 HenriNotat, “Cooperation A rabo Africaine: Se Developpe plus Rapidement Sur le Plan Bilateral que sur le Plan Multilateral,” Europe Outremer, August 1974, pp. 16–17, cited in al-Bakri, “African-Arab Cooperation, 1955–1974,” n. 9.
47.
47 Writers who have “detected” a Muslim-bias in African-Arab economic relations include Victor T. Levine and Timothy W. Luke, The Arab-African Connection: Political and Economic Realities (Boulder, Colorado, 1979); AliA. Mazrui “Black Africa and the Arabs,” Foreign Affairs, (New York), Vol. 53, no. 4, July 1975, pp. 725–742; Dunstan M. Wai, “African-Arab Relations: Interdependency or Misplaced Optimism,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1983, pp. 187–213; and Kuniram Osia, “Choice in African International Relations: Perspectives on Arab and Israeli Influences in Africa 1967 to 1979,” George Washington University, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 1981. For contending views (i.e. that Arab aid is not Muslim-biased or if so the bias is justified) see Hossein G. Askari, “OPEC and International Aid: An Appraisal,” SAIS Review (The John Hopkins University, Winter 1981–1982, No. 3, pp. 138–148 and Anthony Sylvestor, Arabs and Africans: Cooperation for Development (London, Sydney and Toronto, 1981).
48.
48 RuthFirst, Libya: The Elusive Revolution (Baltimore, 1974), p. 234.
49.
49 Ibid.
50.
50 Ibid., p. 225.
51.
51 See AliA. Mazrui, “Islam, Political Leadership and Economic Radicalism in Africa,” n. 43; Ibrahim Abu Lughod, “Retreat from the Secular Path: Islamic Dilemmas of Arab Politics,” n. 31, and William H. Lewis, “Politics and Islam in North Africa,” n. 33.
52.
52 AliA. Mazrui, “African Intellectuals in the 1980's: Pilgrims Retreat and Patriots Progress,” paper presented to the African Studies Association of the United States, Chicago, 30 October-2 November 1974, p. 11.
53.
53 AliA. Mazrui, “The Lumpen Proleteriat and the Lumpen Militariat: African Soldiers as a New Political Class,” Political Studies (United Kingdom), Vol. XXI, no. 1, March 1973, pp. 1–12.
54.
54 AliA. Mazrui, “African Intellectuals in the 1980's: Pilgrims Retreat and Patriots Progress,” n. 52, p. 5.
55.
55 “The Arab World: Oil, Power, Violence,”Time Magazine, 2 April 1973, pp. 24–26.
56.
56 AliA. Mazrui, “Libya: A Superpower in Miniature?” Africa Now (London), May 1981, pp. 51–52.
57.
57 Al-Fajr al Jadid (Tripoli), 10,11,12 November 1974, cited in Ali Kheir Eddine al Bakri, “African Arab Cooperation 1955–1974,” n. 9, p. 31.
58.
58 See AliA. Mazrui, “Libya: A Superpower in Miniature ?”, n. 56.
59.
59 See OmanH. Kokole, “The Islamic Factor in African-Arab Relations,” Third World Quarterly (London), Vol. 6, no. 3, July 1984 and TriminghamJ.S., The Influence of Islam Upon Africa, n. 2, pp. 132–135 and “Chad: Strategic Tug of War,” South (London), October 1983, pp. 18–21.
60.
60 Al-Fajr al-Jadid, 25 November 1974, cited in Ali Kheir-Eddine al-Bakri, “African-Arab Cooperation 1955–74,” n. 9.
61.
61 For an interesting account of that first visit consult the little book by one of Amin's ex-airforce commander, Colonel Gad Toko, Intervention in Uganda: The Power Struggle and Soviet Involvement: Reflections of an Exile (Pittsburg, 1979).
62.
62 SulaymanNyang, “Saudi Foreign Policy Towards Africa.” A paper presented at the Annual African Studies Association meeting in Bloomington, Indiana, 20–25, October 1981, especially pp. 23–24.
63.
63 The dates and subjects of these subjects appear in SulaymanY. Hayali, “Ittijahat al-diblumasiyah-al Libiyah fi Ifriqiyah” (Direction of Libyan Diplomacy in Africa), al-siyasah al-duwaliya, No. 33, 1973, pp. 176–178, cited by Ali Kheir Eddine al-Bakri, “African-Arab Cooperation 1955–74,” n. 9, p. 35.
64.
64 ThomasHodgkin, “Arab Africa and West Africa: The Tripoli-Kano Axis,” West Africa (London), 24 August 1957, p. 799.
65.
65 Ibid., p. 799.
66.
66 Ibid., p. 780.
67.
67 ConsultEdward R.SheehanF., “Colonel Qadhafi-Libya's Mystical Revolutionary,” New York Times Magazine, 6 February 1972; also see, Ruth First, Libya: The Elusive Revolution, n. 48, pp. 21, 116 and 135.
68.
68 al-Ahram (Cairo), 27 August 1953.
69.
69 VatikiotisP.J., “Islam and the Foreign Policy of Egypt,” in ProctorJ. Harris (Ed.), Islam and International Relations (New York, 1965), p. 139.
70.
70 AliA. Mazrui, “Ideological and Intellectual Encounters of the Third World: An Overview” Unpublished Mss, Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, 1982, p. 2.
71.
71 For details of the reforms at al-Azhar, see Bayard Dodge, Al-Azhar, A Millenium of Muslim Learning (Washington, D.C., 1961).
72.
72 TareqY. Ismael, “Religion and the UAR African Policy,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 6, May 1968, pp. 49–57.
73.
73 Ibid.
74.
74 Qurra' 'ah, Soniyah, Tarikh al-Azhar fi' alf' am (The History of al-Azhar in one thousand years), (Cairo, 1968), p. 382 cited in Ali Kheir Eddine al-Bakri, “African Arab Cooperation 1955–74,” n. 9 p. 40.
75.
75 TareqY. Ismael, The UAR in Africa: Egypt's Policy Under Nasser (Evanston, 1971), p. 152.
76.
76 Ibid, p. 147.
77.
77 Al-Ahram (Cairo), 4 January 1955, p. 4.
78.
78 AliA. Mazrui, Africa's International Relations: The Diplomacy of Dependency and Change (London and Boulder, Colorado, 1977), p. 135.
79.
79 AhmadY., “al-taharruk al-diblumasi al-Misri fi Ifriqiyah,” (Egypt's Diplomatic Drive in Africa), al-Siyasah al-Duwaliyah cited in Ali Kheri Eddine Ali Bakri “African Arab Cooperation 1955–74,” n. 9, p. 43.
80.
80 “Chronology,” Middle East Journal (Washington, D.C.), Vol. 27, Winter 1973, p. 67.
81.
81 For statistics of Muslim populations worldwide consult the chart at the end of Thomas W. Lippman's, Islam: Politics and Religion in the Muslim World, n. 4.
82.
82 JebranChamieh, Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics, Vol. 2, 1972 (Beirut, 1973), p. 377.
83.
83 Ibid.
84.
84 Ibid.
85.
85 “Chronology” Middle East Journal, Vol. 26, Summer 1972, p. 293.
86.
86 Africa Research Bulletin: Economic Financial and Technical Series, (Exeter, UK), Vol. 14, no. 2, 13 March 1977, pp. 4190–4191.
87.
87 See Daily Times (Lagos), 10 August 1978. See also a letter to the Editor entitled “Saudi Arabia-Nigeria Relatious,” Daily Times, 23 August 1978, cited in Sulayman Nyang, “Saudi Foreign Policy Towards Africa,” n. 62, p. 47.
88.
88 See the series of articles in Journal: Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (Jeddah), Vol. IV, 1982.
89.
89 SulaymanS. Nyang, “Saudi Foreign Policy Towards Africa,” n. 62, p. 39.
90.
90 For relevant information on the Rabetah and its activities consult Proceedings of the First Islamic Conference in North America, Rabetah Office at the UN, New York, 1977.
91.
91 AliA. Mazrui, Africa's International Relations: The Diplomacy of Dependency and Change, n. 78.
92.
92 ColinLegum, What Really Happened at Mogadishu, Africa Report, July/August 1974, p. 43.
93.
93 SamirM. Zoghby, “Black and Arabs: Past and Present,” A Current Bibliography on African Affairs, 3 May 1970, p. 6.
94.
94 HouariBoumedienne, “Inaugural Speech,” Speech delivered at the Pan-African Cultural Festival, Algiers, 1969, p. 4, Mineographed.
95.
95 Ibid, pp. 4–5.
96.
96 DavidGordon, “Islam in Politics: A Symposium-Algeria” The Muslim World, Vol. 56, October 1966, p. 286.
97.
97 DavidOttoway, “Algeria: Back to Islam,” Washington Post, 21 March 1971, p. 35.
98.
98 Ibid.
99.
99 YassinAl-Ayuti, “al-istimrariyah” (Revolutionary Continuity in the Republic of Algeria), Al-Siyasah al-Duwaliyah no. 40, April 1975, p. 8.
100.
100 JoseFitchet, “Algeria: Shifts in Policy and Power,” 16 March 1975, p. A22.
101.
101 Ibid, p. 11.
102.
102 JosephPlummer, “Now They're Paving the Sahara,” The Washington Post, 2 March 1957.
