1 See Helge Hueem, “The Extent and Type of Direct Foreign Investment in Africa,” in CarlWidstrand (Ed.), The Multinational Firms in Africa (Uppsala, 1975).
2.
2 Ibid.
3.
3 See Norman Girvan, “Economic Nationalist vs. Multinational Corporations: Revolutionary or Evolutionary Change,” in Ibid.
4.
4 United Nations, Multinational Corporations in World Development (New York, 1973), p. 13. This refers to the value-add of MNCs both in home and host countries.
5.
5 OrvilleFreemen, President of Business International and former US Secretary of Agriculture, quoted in the United States Senate Committee on Finance, 1973, p.3. US Government Printing Press (Washington, D.C.). The 10 per cent figure refers to the rate of growth of production by MNCs.
6.
6 BarberA., in “Emerging New Power: The World Corporation,” War Peace/Report, October 1968, p. 7.
7.
7 This is production subject to foreign control or decision and measured by the sales of foreign affiliates of multinational corporation's. This is less than the value of production of MNCs as a whole.
8.
8 “Future United States Foreign Trade Policy,” Report to the President by the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations, (Washington, D.C.), 7 January 1969, pp. 70–71.
9.
9 US Senate Committee on Finance, The Multinational Corporation and the World Economy (Washington, 1973), p. 6.
10.
10 Vernon, p. 13, quoted by Norman Girvan in Multinational Firms in Africa, n. 3, p. 30.
11.
11 DudleySeers, “Poverty in the Third World,” Lecture for the American University's Social Science Seminar, Washington D.C., 16 December 1972.
12.
12 John GaltungA. “Structural Theory of Imperialism,” Journal of Peace Reascarch, Vol. 8, 1971, pp. 81–117.
13.
13 SamirAmin, “Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa: Historical Origins,” Journal Of Peace ResearchVol. 9, 1972, pp. 105–20.
14.
14 StephenHymer, “The Efficiency (Contradictions) of Multinational Corporations” American Economic Review, Vol. 60, 1970, pp. 441–448.
15.
15 “Multinational Corporations in World Development,” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, ST/ECA/190, 1973. Hereafter referred to as UN Report.
16.
16 PeterR. Drucker, “Multinational and Developing Countries: Myths and Realities,” Foreign Affairs (New York), Vol. 53, 1974, p. 134.
17.
17 HarryG. Johnson, “The Efficiency and Welfare Implications of the International Corporation,” in CharlesP. Kindleberger (Ed.), The International Corporation: A Symposium (Cambridge, Mass: 1970), p. 55.
18.
18 JohnDiehold, “Multinational Corporations: Why be Scared of Them?” Foreign Policy, Vol. 12, 1973, p. 83.
19.
19 Report to the Sub-committee on Multinational Corporations of the Committee on Foreign Relations of United States Senate, R.S. Neufarmer and W.F. Mueller, “Meltinational Corporations in Brazil and Mexico: Structural Sources of Economic and Non-economic Power,” 1975, p. 5.
20.
20 Ibid.
21.
21 Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. “The Planetary Product in 1975,” Special Report No. 33, May 1977. See also United Nations Economic and Social Council, “Transnational Corporations in World Development: A Re-Examination,” E/C. 10/38, 20 March 1978, p. 205.
22.
22 Constantine Vaitsos, “Patents Revisited: The Function in Developing Countries,” The Journal Of Development Studies, 1973, p. 6.
23.
23 UN. Economic Survey for Latin America, 1971.
24.
24 FernandoFejnzylber, “Estrategia Industrial Y Empresas Internationals: Poscion Relative de America Y Brasil” (Naciones Unidas, Rio de Janerio, CEPAL, November 1970), p. 59. On royalties and fees, see pp. 143–145 in this article.
25.
25 Ibid.
26.
26 The estimates of the “equivalent of the population” is based on the percentage of unemployment and underemployment (i.e., less than substantial full employment throughout one work year) of the labour force. United Nations Economics and Social Council, Development Digest, no. 4, 1969.
27.
27 GiovanniArrighi, “International Corporations, Labour Aristocracies, and Economic Development in Africa,” in RobertT. Rhodes, (Ed.), Imperialism and Under-development: A Reader (New York and London, 1969), p. 83.
28.
28 Editorial, “The Multinationals in Africa,” The Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 2, 1975, pp. 5–6.
29.
29 Background knowledge from “The Impact Of Multinational Corporations on Development and on International Relations,” United Nations, New York, 1974. Doc. E/5500/REV/STESA/6, sale no, E74, 11, A5.
30.
30 Reginald Green and Ann Seidman, Unity or Poverty? The Economics of Pan Africanism (Baltimore, 1969), p. 81.
31.
31 Ibid., p. 131.
32.
32 Celso Furtado, “The Concept of External Dependence in the Study of Underdevelopment.” Paper presented to the Union for Racial Political Economies, Washington, D.C., 10 November 1972.
33.
33 The Conference Board, Multinational Corporations and Developing Countries. Report No. 767, 1979, p. 91.
34.
34 AliA. Mazrui, “The Political Economy of World Order: Modernization and Reformation in Africa,” in J.N. Bhagwati, p. 293.
