Diplomacy by Conference: Principles,Goals and Problems of Nam

1 See A. Rapoport , Fights, Games and Debates (Ann Arbor, 1974), pp. 195–212.

2 Russett B. , “Components of an Operational Theory in International Alliance Formations,” Journal of Conflict Resolution (Beverly Hills, CA.), Vol. XII, no. 3, 1968, pp. 285–301.

3 Riker W. , The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven, 1962), pp. 32–76.

4 George Liska , Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence (Baltimore, 1962), pp. 61–175.

5 Singer M.R. , “The Foreign Policies of Small Devoloping States,” in James Resenau (ed.), World Politics (New York, 1976), pp. 263–290.

6 Jansen G.H. , Non-alignment and the Afro-Asian States (New York, 1966), p. 115.

7 Michael Brecher , “Neutralism: An Analysis,” International Journal (Toronto), Vol. XVII, 1961, p. 225.

8 Morgenthau H.J. , Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York, 1973), Chapter 7.

9 Julius Nyerere , Opening Speech, Foreign Ministers' Conference of Non-aligned Countries (Dar-es-Salaam, 1970).

10 See B. Russett , “Discovering Voting Groups in the United Nations,” in The United Nations System and Its Functions ( Gregg R. Barkun M. (London, 1968), pp. 72–87 Alliances and Small Powers (New York, 1968), pp. 237–264.

11 Currently, the United States Government insists on the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola as part of the independence settlement in Namibia, an insistence rejected by the Frontline States in Southern Africa. On the policy position of the American Government, see “US Pushes to get Cubans out of Angola,” The New York Times, 26 September, 1982; “US, Angola Seek Better Relations, But Must Leap Across Chasm of Suspicions,” The Christian Science Monitor, 28 September, 1982; “US, Angola Officials Meet for Talks on Namibia, Cuban Military Presence,” The Washington Post, 6 October 1982.

12 Elmer Plischke , “The New Diplomacy: A Changing Process,” The Virginia Quarterly (Charlttesville, VK), Vol. XLIX, no. 3, 1973.

13 See P. Ali , “The Theory and Practice of Non-alignment: A Critical Analysis,” East Africa Journal (Nairobi), 1969, pp. 22–27.

14 Tadic B. , “Characteristics and Dilemmas of Non-alignment,” Review of International Affairs (Belgrade), Vol. XXVII, no. 630, 1976, pp. 33–36.

15 Allison G. , The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston, 1971).

16 Leo Mates , Non-alignment: Theory and Current Policy (Belgrade, 1972), p. 387.

17 Paarlberg R. , “Forgetting About the Unthinkable,” Foreign Policy (Washington D.C.), 10, (1973), pp. 132–140.

18 Leo Mates , Non-Alignment: Theory and Current Policy, n. 13, p. 395.

19 Arkhurst F. , Arms and African Development (New York, 1972 1966).

20 Karl Deutsch , “Research Problems on Race in International Relations,” in Shepherd G. (ed.), Race Among Nations: A Conceptual Approach, (Lexington, 1970), p. 124.

21 Julins K. Nyerere , “American and Southern Africa,” Foreign Affairs (New York), Vol. 55, no. 4, 1977, p. 681.

22 DeDubnic V. , “Brazil's New Foreign Policy: From Non-alignment to Solidarity With the West” in Carlos A. Astiz (ed.), Latin American International Politics: Ambitions, Capabilities and National Interest of Mexico, Brazil and Argentina (Notre Dame, 1969), pp. 274–286.

23 “Burning Issues Before Non-aligned Nations,” Zambia Daily Mail (Lusaka), 22 February, 1983.

24 Final Declaration, Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-aligned Countries (Havana, September 1979), pp. 3–7.

25 Graham J. , “The Non-alignment Movement After Havana,” Journal of International Affairs (New York), Vol. 34, no. 1, 1980, pp. 153–160.

26 Dasgupta A.K. , “Non-alignment and The New International Economic Order,” International Studies (New Delhi), Vol. 20, 1981, pp. 141–142.

27 “Problems of Raw Materials and Development: Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order,” U.N. Monthly Chronicle (New York), Vol. XI, no. 5, May, 1974, pp. 66–84.

28 On some of the attempts to restructure global economic relations, see Amuzegar J. , “The North-South Dialogue,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 54, no. 3, April, 1976, pp. 347–562.

29 Timothy Shaw , “Political Economy of Non-alignment: From Dependence to Self-reliance,” International Studies, Vol. 19, no. 3, July-September 1981, pp. 475–492.

30 Samir Amin , “Self-reliance and the New International Economic Order,” Monthly Review (New York) Vol. 29, no. 3, 1977. pp. 1–21.

31 Alam M.B. , “The Concept of Non-alignment: A Critical Analysis.” World Affairs (Washington, D.C.), Vol. 140, no. 2, 1977, pp. 165–185.

32 Leo Mates , Non-alignment: Theory and Current Policy, n. 13, p. 734.

33 The Organisation of African Unity is still in disarray following two unsuccessful attempts to hold the 19th Summit in Libya in 1982. Morocco and its supporters have insisted that the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) formed by the Polisario Front in Western Sahara is not an independent state. Hence the OAU's decision to accept SADR as its 51st member has partly paralysed efforts to hold the 19th Summit meeting. Nevertheless efforts are still being made to this effect.