Growth of Non-Alignment in World Affairs

1. Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949(Delhi: The Publication Division, 1949), p. 340.

2. Indian Annual Register, ed. Mitra N. N. (Calcutta, 1946), Vol. II (July-September 1946), pp. 251–8.

3. Speech by Prime Minister Thakin Nu, 13 June 1948. Towards Peace and Democracy (Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery), p. 17. The AFPFL (Anti-Fascist Peoples’ Freedom League) has been the major nationalist organisation in Burma and was the ruling party at the time.

4. Speech by Prime Minister Thakin Nu, 19 July 1950. From Peace to Stability (Burma Government Printing and Stationery), p. 86.

5. The Conference was held in New Delhi in January, 1950. It was attended by official representatives of fifteen Asian States. The Conference made recommendations to the Security Council to take action to stop the second Dutch ‘Police Action’ in violation of the ‘Renville Agreement’ of January 19–18 and called for the transference of complete sovereignty to Indonesia by 1st January 1950.

6. The Rio Pact was signed on 2 January 1947 at Rio de Janeiro between USA and twenty-one Central and South American States. For text see, Documents on International Affairs, 1947–8 (London: R.I.I.A., 1952), pp. 773–8. The Brussels Treaty was signed on 17 March 1948 at Brussels between United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. For text see, Ibid., pp. 225–9. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on 4 April 1949 at Washington by USA, Canada and ten other West European powers. Greece and Turkey joined later, on 20 February 1952. For text see, Documents on International Affairs (London: R.I.I.A., 1953), pp. 257–60.

7. The signatories of this Treaty were Australia, New Zealand and USA. It was signed at San Fransisco in September 1951. For text, see Documents on International Affairs, 1951 (London: R.I.I.A., 1954), pp. 677–80).

8. The following eight countries signed the Treaty in September 1954: UK, USA, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand. For text see, Documents on International Affairs, 1954 (London: R.I.I.A., 1957), pp. 153–7.

9. Popularly known as the Warsaw Pact the Treaty was signed on 14 May 1955 by USSR, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania and East Germany. For text see, Documents on International Affairs 1955(London: R.I.I.A., 1958), pp. 193–8.

10. For text see, Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947–59 (New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1959), pp. 173–81.

11. The most controversial, in this context, was the voting on the Resolution as submitted by Italy, Cuba, Ireland, Pakistan and Peru (Resolution 1005 (ES-II) and as amended by sponsors (A/3316). The resolution was adopted by the General Assembly on 9 November 1951, meeting 571, by roll-call vote of 48 to 11 with 16 abstentions. India and Yugoslavia were the only countries to vote against the resolution with the nine Communist countries. Most of the other non-aligned states like. Egypt, Indonesia, Burma, etc. abstained. For a summary of the debates and text of resolution see Year Book of the United Nations 1956(New York: Department of Public Information, United Nations, 1957). pp. 71–2 and p. 85.

12. Ghana, UAR, Guinea, Morocco and Ethiopia agreed to send their armed forces to the Congo under the UN flag. At this stage India was reluctant to do so. Following the assassination of Lumumba, Ghana, Guinea, Morocco and UAR announced the withdrawal of their forces in dissatisfaction with UN policies. At this stage India agreed to send her forces. Today Indian forces form the biggest contingent from a country of the UN forces in the Congo.

13. This definition is discussed below.

14. These nations were: Afghanistan, Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, Cyprus, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Republic, Cuba and Yugoslavia. The Provisional Government of Algeria was also admitted to the Conference. Bolivia, Brazil and Ecuador were observers.

15. The total number of Asian States in the UN at this time was twenty (excluding UAR). Since then, Syria has come out of the Union with Egypt and has been admitted to the UN as a member.

16. The total number of African States in the UN at this time was twenty five. Since then Mauritania and Tanganyika have been admitted.

17. This figure is on the basis of UN membership. Mauritania has not, therefore, been included which was admitted to the UN only in October, 1961.

18. The Hindu (Madras), 14 June 1961.

19. Speech delivered at the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) Debates, 4 December 1947. Independence and After, op. cit., p. 208.

20. Speech delivered at the Indian Council of World Affairs on 22 March 1949, Ibid., pp. 256–7.

21. Speech by Prime Minister Nehru delivered at the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 4 December 1947. Ibid., p. 200.

22. Emphasis added. Official Communique at the end of the Preparatory Meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the Uncommitted countries (Review of International Affairs (Belgrade), Belgrade Conference No. 1, p. 6).

23. Speech in New York, 19 October 1949. Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches 1949–53 (Delhi: The Publications Division, 1954), p. 125.

24. Speech delivered at the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 4 December 1947. Independence and After, op. cit., p. 200.

25. Speech delivered at the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 8 March 1948. Ibid., p. 215.

26. Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of non-aligned Countries, 6 September, 1961. Review of International Affairs, Belgrade Conference, No. 5, p. 21.

27. Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Meeting 1948: Final Communique, 22 October 1948. Documents and Speeches on British Common. wealth Affairs 1931–1952, ed., Nicholas Mansergh (London: R.I.I.A., 1953), Vol. II, p. 1138.

28. Speech by Prime Minister Nehru at the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 8 March 1949. Independence and After, op. cit., p. 239.

29. For text see, Documents on International Affairs, 1954, op. cit., pp. 197–201.

30. Speech by Prime Minister Nehru in the Indian Parliament dated 12 June 1952. Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches 1949–53, op. cit., p. 223. However, at a press conference held an year later on 10 June 1953, in answer to a question regarding India's views on EDC and NATO, the Indian Prime Minister said, ‘we do not wish to get entangled in European problems or in problems apart from those directly affecting us'. Jawaharlal Nehru's Press Conferences, 1953 (New Delhi: Information Services of India, 1953), p. 7.

31. India took the Kashmir question to the Security Council in January, 1918, The USA and the UK have been accused of adopting a pro-Pakistan attitude while the USSR has openly supported, India's stand in Kashmir particularly after 1955. Interestingly, India had chosen Czechoslovakia as her nominee for the UN Commission for India and Pakistan set up by the Security council in January 1948.

32. For texts of the Sino-Indian Agreement on Tibet dated 29 April 1954 and the Chou-Nehru Joint Statement dated 28 June 1954 see, Foreign Policy of India: Texts of Documents 1947–59, op. cit., pp. 103–9 pp. 113–4. Extracts are available in Documents on International Affairs, 1954, op, cit., pp. 313–15.

33. For text see, The Foreign Policy of India, op. cit., pp. 173–81.

34. For similar statements signed by India see, The Foreign Policy of India, op. cit.

35. Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of Non-aligned Countries. Review of International Affairs, Belgrade Conference, No. 5, p. 20.

36. The Times of India (Delhi) 12 June, 1961. The Statesman (Delhi), 12 June 1961.

37. Review of International Affairs, Belgrade Conference No. 5, pp. 19–23.

38. India's candidature on this occasion was based on the contention that the Security Council should be fully representative of all important regions of the world. For a survey of this development see, (U.N. Year Book: 1947–8, pp. 30–31).

39. Speech delivered at the Constituent Assembly (Legislative), New Delhi, 4 December 1947. Independence and After, op. cit., p. 201–2.

40. New Times (Moscow), 12 January 1947.

41. Ibid., 4 August 1948.

42. Speech at the Eleventh Session of the Institute of Pacific Relations, Lucknow, 3 October 1950. Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches 1949–53, op. cit., p. 163.

43. New York Times, 28 August 1951.

44. Malenkov G. , Report to the Nineteenth Congress on the Work of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. (B) October 5, 1952 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1952), p. 32.

45. Khrushchev N. S. , Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the 20th Party Congress February. 14, 1956 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), pp. 29–30.

46. Ibid., pp. 46–7.

47. Ibid., p. 27.

48. For more details, see Fleming D. F. , The Cold War and Its Origins 1917–1960 (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., year), Vol. II, pp. 780–4.

49. Ibid., p. 783.

50. Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries. Review of International Affairs, Belgrade Conference No. 5, p. 20.

51. The Leftist Unity Programme announced by Prime Minister Thakin Nu on 26 May 1948. Keesing's Contemporary Archieves, 1948–50, p. 9428A.

52. For details see, Feith Herbet , The Wilpo Cabinet, 1952–53 (Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell Indonesia Project, 1958), pp. 57–67.

53. Nehru address to the Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi, on 22 March 1949. Independence and After, op. cit., p. 257.