Nelson Mandela and the Process of Reconciliation in South Africa

1. Phenyo Keiseng Rakate , “Dealing with the Past Hache of the Past: A Critique of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report”, Indian Journal of International Law, (New Delhi), Vol. 40, no. 3, July-September, 2000, p. 147.

2. See for details, Africa South of the Sahara (London/New York: Europa Publication, 2005).

3. See for details, South Africa Year Book, 1997, (Cape Town, Rustica Press), p. 1.

4. See Monama B. , A Case Study on Impurity, South Africa: Consultative and Planning Meeting for a Campaign against Impurity in Africa. (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 22–23 March 1996), unpublished paper.

5. See, Johns S. Davis R.H. , Mandela, Tembo and the African National Congress: The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948–1990 (London, Oxford University Press, 1991).

6. See for details, Nelson Mandela , The Struggle is My Life (London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1978).

7. See for details, Benyamin Pogrund , Nelson Mandela (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1995).

8. Saxena S.C. , Political Conflict and Power in Africa (Delhi: UDH Publishers, 1985), p. 15.

9. Gini Holland , Nelson Mandela (Mumbai: Shloka Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2004) p. 15.

10. S.C. Saxena, n. 8, p. 18.

11. Virmani K.K. , Nelson Mandela and Apartheid in South Africa (Delhi, Kalinga Publications, 1991) p. 18.

12. See for details, The United Nations and Apartheied, 1948–1994 (New York: Department of Public Information United Nations, 1994), pp. 13–17.

13. Oliver Tambo , “On Nelson Mandela” in Reddy E.S. , ed., Oliver Tambo and the Struggle Against Apartheid (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited, 1987), p. 41.

14. Nelson Mandela, n. 6, p. 7.

15. Ibid..

16. Mary Benson , South Africa: The Struggle for a Birth Right (London, International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1985), p. 253.

17. See for details, “Nelson Mandela's Statements in the Court: Rivonia Trial Case” in Reddy C.S. , ed., Oliver Tanbo and the Struggle Against Aparihied, n. 9, p. 62.

18. For complete text of Mandela's speech see, Donald Woods, Bike (New York: Paddington, 1978), pp. 23–29.

19. Nelson Mandela , Long Walk to Freedom (London: Little Brown & Company, 1994), pp. 146–47.

20. Heidi Holland , The Struggle: A History of the African National Congress (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1990).

21. Peter J. Schraeder , Africa Politics and Society: A Mosaic Transformation (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000).

22. Asmal Kader , Reconciliation Through Truth (Cape Town: David Philip Publications, 1997).

23. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report (London: Macmillan Reference Limited, 1999), p. 54.

24. Dorthy Sea , The South African Commission: The Politics of Reconciliation (Washington D.C.: United State Institute of Peace Pres, 2000), p. 25.

25. See for details, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, n. 15, p. 276.

26. Paul Van Zyl , “Dilemmas of Transitional Justice: The Case of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission”, Journal of International Affairs (New York), Vol. 52, no. 2, 1999, p. 655.

27. Former State” refers to any state or territory that was established by an act of Parliament or by proclamation in terms of such act before the interim constitution took effect and the territory of which now forms part of South Africa. These “Independent State” created as part of the former government's policy of separate development, were not recognised by the international community and ceased to exist after the interim constitution was adopted.

28. See, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Section 20 (3)(1).

29. Alex Boraine , A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation (Cape Town: Oxford University Press).

30. See for details, Truth and Reconcilation of South Africa Report Vol. 5 (Cape Town, 1998).

31. Lyn S. Graybill , Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model 9 (Boulder: Waarom Weze, 2002), p. 149.

32. Desmond Tuto , No Future without Forgiveness, (London: Rider Books, 1999), p. 29.

33. See, Mail & Guardian (London), 30 October 1998, p. 3.

34. See for details, Truth and Reconciliation of South Africa, Report, Vol. 2.

35. Ibid, Vol. 5, Chapter, 2 & 8.

36. Ibid, Vol. 5, Chapter, 9.

37. Graybill, n. 27, p. 74.

38. See for details, Bond P. , Elite Transition (London, Pluto, 2000).

39. Lyn Graybill , “The Contribution of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission toward the Promotion of Women's Rights in South Africa” Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 24, no. 1, 2001.

40. The Surplus Peoples Project estimated that about 3.5 million people suffered from this aspect of institutional violence of apartheid. See for detail statement to the TRC, 1996, 29–31.

41. Justice Ismail Mohamed has since been appointed Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa.

42. Verdoolaege Annelies , “The Debate on Truth and Reconciliation: A Survey of Literature on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission” available at http://african.rug.ac.be/texts/publication/anneliesonlineindex.htm.