Indian Freedom Movement and Ideas on Regionalism

Kothari Rajni , Towards a Just World, Working Paper No. 11, World Order Model Project, Institute for World Order, New York, 1980, pp. 2–3.

Ibid., p. 3.

Curzon George N. , Problems of the Far East, London, 1896, pp. 8–9.

For details, see Nehru Jawaharlal , Autobiography, London, 1940; N. V. Rajkumar, The Background of India's Foreign Policy, AICC, New Delhi, 1953; Bimla Prasad, Origins of India's Foreign Policy, Calcutta, 1960; Sisir Gupta, India and Regional Integration in Asia, Bombay, 1964; Satyarrata Ramdas Patel, Foreign Policy of India: An Inquiry and Criticism, Bombay, 1960; and Norman D. Palmer, ‘Foreign Policy of Indian National Congress before Independence’, in. K.P. Misra, Foreign Policy of India, New Delhi, 1977.

Andrews C. F. Mukherji Girija , The Rise and Growth of Congress in India, London, 1938, pp. 270–71.

Mesopotamia (Iraq) was used as a base for operations against Turkey during World War I. However, in 1920 there were strong protests against British domination which turned into a mass rebellion in Iraq. The rebellion was ultimately crushed with the help of troops from India; For details, please see Jawahar Lal Nehru's Glimpses of World History, New Delhi, 1982, pp. 773–76.

Gandhi M. K. , “The Afghan Bogey”, Young India, May 4, 1921, Ahmedabad (Navjeevan Trust, 1981, Vol. III, p. 139).

Zaidi A. M. , INC, The Glorious Tradition, Vol. II, (192–1927) Texts of Resolutions passed by the INC, the AICC and CWC, New Delhi, 1987, pp. 59–60.

Ibid., p. 34.

Ibid., p. 38, Also see, Bimla Prasad, Origins of Indian Foreign Policy, Calcutta, 1960.

Gandhi M. K. , “The Spirit of the East”, Young India, Ahmedabad, April 14, 1920 (Navjeevan Trust, 1981, Vol. II).

For details refer to the Presidential Address of C.R. Das in INC Session of 1922, in A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi, The Encyclopaedia of the Indian National Congress, India at the Cross Roads, Volume Eight, 1921–1924, New Delhi, 1981, pp. 117–18.

Mohmed Ali presiding over INC, 1923, n.12, p. 287.

Far Eastern Economic Review, September 21, 1961, Hongkong, contains a 48-page special survey of India's economic and political relations with her neighbours.

Gandhi M. K. , Young India, Ahmedabad, January 26, 1922 (Navjeevan rust, 1981, Vol. 4).

Ibid. July 30, 1925, (Vol.7).

The Encyclopaedia of the INC, Volume Nine, 1925–1929, n.12, p. 234.

Ibid., pp. 254–55.

For details see, Nehru Jawaharlal , Autobiography, London, 1940.

Before having contacts with China it was Japan which impressed the leaders of the Indian National Congress. The Victory of Japan over Russia in 1905 demonstrated the fact that there was nothing inherently superior about British. They were also deeply impressed by the Japanese slogan of ‘Asia for the Asians’. However, few years later the leaders were disappointed with Japan's international conduct, military adventure against Burma, Korea and China; For details see, Levi Werner , Free India in Asia, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1952, p. 23; Sisir Gupta, India and Regional Integration in Asia, Bombay, 1964.

Text of the Report submitted by Jawaharlal Nehru to the All India Congress Committee in the International Congress Against Imperialism held at Brussels in February 1927, Bimal Prasad, n.4, Appendix 1, pp. 295–96.

The Encyclopaedia of the INC, Volume Nine, n.12, pp. 306–307 and p. 538; Also see Bimla Prasad, Origins of Indian Foreign Policy, Calcutta, 1960.

For details see Kundra J.C , India's Foreign Policy (1947–54) A Study of Relations with the Western Block, Netherlands, 1955; K.P. Karunakaran, India in World Affairs (1947–50), London, 1952.

The Encyclopaedia of the INC, Volume Eleven, 1936–1938, n.12, pp. 86–87.

Quit India Resolution by AICC, Bombay, August 7–8, 1942 in Zaidi A. M. , INC: The Glorious Tradition, Volume Four: 1939–1950, n.8, pp. 161–65.

Ibid, p. 197.

Ibid, p. 197.

Please see CWC resolution passed in its meeting July 3–15, 1945 at Simla. Zaidi A. M. , INC The Glorious Tradition, n.8, Volume IV, pp. 207–208.

Nehru Jawaharlal , “Inter-Asian Relations” India Quarterly, October 1946.

Please see Bright J. S. (ed.) Before and After Independence, New Delhi, 1950, p. 379. These views were expressed by Nehru in August 1945.

The first Pan-Asian Conference was held in Baku in 1920 under the leadership of the USSR. Nearly 1,800 delegates from all parts of Asia including China attended the Conference; For details see Acharya G. N. , “A Review of India's Foreign Policy 1948–61”, Far Eastern Economic Review, Hong Kong, September 21, 1961, p. 557.

“Asian Relations”-Report of the Proceedings and Documentation of the First Asian Relations Conference, New Delhi, March-April, 1947, Asian Relations Organisation, New Delhi, 1948, p. 3; Also see Nehru Jawaharlal , India's Foreign Policy-Selected Speeches (1946- April 1961) New Delhi, 1961; H. Venkatsubbiah, “Forty Years of Asian Relations Conference 1947”, in Eric Gonsalves Asian Relations, New Delhi, pp. 71–75.

For details on Afro-Asian Movement, see Jansen G. H. , Afro-Asian and Alignment, London, 1966; S.L. Poplai, Asia and Africa in the Modern World, Bombay, 1955; K.M. Panikkar, The Afro-Asian States and their Problems, London, 1959; K.P. Karunakaran, India in World Affairs (1947–1950) and also (1950–53), London, 1952; Lalita Prasad Singh, The Politics of Economic Cooperation in Asia — Study of Asian International Organisations, Columbia, 1966.

Asian Relations, n.32, p. 22.

Ibid., p. 22.

Gupta Sisir , India and Regional Integration in Asia, Bombay, 1964, p. 34; Also see Werner Levi, Free India in Asia, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1952.

Asian Relations, n.32, p. 74.

Ibid., p. 74.

Ibid. Also see Prasad Bimal , “Trends in Asian Relations, 1947–87: An Overview” in Gonsalves Eric (ed.) Asian Relations, n.32, pp. 66–69.

Jansen G. H. , Afro-Asia and Non Alignment, London, 1966, p. 72 Also see S.L. Poplai, Asia and Africa in the Modern World, Bombay, 1955.

Ibid., Jansen, p. 73.

The Hindu, March 26, 1947.

For details see Pohekar G. S. , India's Relations with Asia and Africa, Harold Laski Institute of Political Science, Ahmedabad, 1964; T. Yu George, Infra-Asian International Relations, USA, 1977; Satyavrata Ramdas Patel, Foreign Policy of India: An Inquiry and Criticism, Bombay, 1960.