U.S. Policy of Intervention: A Critical Analysis

See Agency for International Development, Special Report Prepared for the House Foreign Affairs Committee: US Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945 — June 30, 1966. Washington, D.C., 1967).

Barnet Richard J. ; Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World, 1972, p.22.

In 1971 the United States, despite the Vietnam withdrawals, still had 803, 901 soldiers in 110 countries, according to a Pentagon public affairs spokesman. As cited in Barnet Richard J. , op. cit., p.22.

Statement of Lyndon B. Johnson, May 2, 1965, quoted in Ronald Steel; Pax Americana (New York, 1967), p.232.

US Department of State, Intervention of International Communism in Guatemala (Washington, D.C. 1954), p.69.

Braden Spruille , a former Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs, quoted in John Gerassi; The Great Fear in Latin America (New York, 1965), p.241.

Johnson Lyndon B. , Address at Baylor University, May 28, 1965, quoted in Ronald Steel; op. cit., p.233.

The Text of the Monroe Doctrine is reprinted as “Monroe's Seventh Annual Message to Congress”, in Richardson James D. ; ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, Vol. 2, pp. 207–20.

Dozer Donald M. ;ed., The Monroe Doctrine: Its Modern Significance (New York: Knopf, 1965), p.4.

Gerassi John ; op. cit., p.231.

Schraeder Peter J. ; ed., Intervention in the 1980s — US Foreign Policy in the Third World, p. 200. Also see Abraham F Lowenthal; The Dominican Intervention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972).

“State of the Union Address”, Reprinted in Washington Post, February 7, 1985, p. A16.

See Joyner Christopher C. Grimaldi Michael A , “The United States and Nicaragua: Reflections on the Lawfulness of Contemporary Intervention”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol., 25:3, 1985, pp. 621–689.

See Joyner Christopher C. ; “The United States Action in Grenada: Reflections on the Lawfulness of Invasion”, American Journal of International Law, Vol., 78, 1984, pp. 131–44.

Shachter Oscar ; “The right of States to use Armed Force”, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 82, 1984, p.649.

Schraeder P.J. ; op.cit., pp. 202–3. See also 'Nicaragua Takes case against US to World Court”, New York Times, April 10, 1984, p. A1.

See Joyner Christopher C. Grimaldi Michael A ; op. cit., pp.621–89.

Quigley John ; “The Legality of the United States Invasion of Panama”, The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, No. 2, Summer 1990, pp. 276–315.

Ibid.; p. 314.

OAS Votes to Censure US for intervention; Washington Post, December 23, 1989, p. A7.

Two Delegates Vying to be the Voice of the New Government, N.Y. Times, Dec. 29, 1989, p. A12.

UN Assembly Blasts Invasion of Panama, Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1989, p. A 17.

Van Evera Stephen ; “American Intervention in the Third World; Less Would Be Better”, Security Studies, Vol. 1, No.1. Autumn 1991, pp. 1–24. The Administration also began an intervention in Peru in early 1990, and has sustained lesser American involvement in civil conflicts in Guatemala and the Philippines.

For example of such thinking from John Foster Dulles, Hubert Humphrey, Eugene Rostow and others, see Kail F. M. ; What Washington Said: Adm. Rhetoric and the Vietnam War, 1949–1969 (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 84–116. Also see Lars Schoultz; National Security and US Policy towards Latin America (Princeton 1987), pp. 201–.

See Solarz Stephen ; The Reagan Doctrine and Beyond (Washington, D.C., 1987), pp. 1–6.

The prerequisites for democracy are discussed in Dahl Robert A. ; Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1971), pp.48–188; and Seymour Martin Lipset; Political Man: the social Bases of Politics (Baltimore: John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1981), pp. 27–.

Smith Tony ; “In defense of Intervention”, Foreign Affairs, vol.73, No. 6, 1994 pp. 34–46.

See Schraeder Peter J. ; op. cit., pp. 63–83.

See Clyde Gary Bauer Huf Schott Jaffery J. ; Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Politics (Washington, D.C.; Institute for International Economics, 1985). Also See Peter J. Schraeder, op. cit., pp. 85–99.

Intelligence; The Acme of Skills (Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs, Central Intelligence Agency, 1982), p.28 as cited in Peter J. Schraeder, op. cit., p.101.

US Congress, Senate, Church Committee, “Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders” An Interim Report, no. 94–465, 94^th Congress, 1975. As cited in Peter J. Schraeder, op.cit.

Colby William ; Honorable Men; My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), p. 109.

Ibid., Chapter 4. For a description of various episodes of election intervention, also see Blum William ; the CIA: A Forgotten History (London: Zed Books, 1987).

Smith Terrence ; “Secret CIA Propaganda Overseas”, New York Times, December 25–27, 1977.

The Reagan administration did not dogmatically follow ideological criteria, as it refused to support anticommunist guerilla insurgencies in Ethiopia and Mozambique. For an analysis of the Reagan Doctrine, see Kirkpatrick Jeane ; the Reagan Doctrine and US Foreign Policy, (Washington D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1985). See also Ted G. Carpenter-, “US. Aid to Anti — communist Rebels: the Reagan Doctrine and Its Pitfalls,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis, no. 74, June, 24, 1986.

There is an important distinction between the use of major military actions as an instrument of foreign policy and more limited applications of force for other purposes, e.g. the Mayaguez incident of 1975 and the abortive Iranian hostage rescue mission in 1980 were relatively minor military actions in which there were few underlying foreign policy objectives. Conversely, the 1983 Grenada invasion had elements of a hostage rescue—and the Reagan Adm. went to great lengths to portray it as such—but principal aim was the overthrow of a Marxist-Leninist regime.

For detailed discussions of destabilizing US tactics, see Kwitny Jonathan ; Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World (New York Congdon and Weed, 1984); Richard H. Immerman; the CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1982).