Dynamics of Russian-Central Asian Geopolitical Relations

1. Zafar Imam , “Foreign Policy in the CIS” in Ajay Patnaik (Ed.), Commonwealth of Independent States, (New Delhi, Konark Publishers, 1995), p. 30.

2. The Backgrounder, Heritage Foundation (Washington D.C.), No. 792, September 1990, p. 7.

3. Klotsvog F , “The Potential for Economic Collaboration Between Russia and CIS Countries”, Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 40, no. 11, March 1998, p. 84.

4. The Economist (London), December 26, 1992.

5. Prior to 1992 the only foreign consulate in Central Asia were located in Tashkent, the Uzbek capital. They included those of India. There is now a rapidly increasing number of embassies and trade missions in all five state capitals. Central Asian states also opened up embassies in major countries of the world including India and USA, South Africa, most of the European countries and most Middle Eastern countries including Israel. Central Asia New Life (London; School of Oriental and African Studies), No. 14, December 1993.

6. Malcolm Yapp , “Tradition and Change in Central Asia” in Shirkin Akiner (Ed.), Political and Economic Trends in Central Asia (London; British Academic Press, 1994).

7. Ibid.

8. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts , 18^th January, 1993.

9. Patnaik Ajay , "The CIS: Who Needs It?” in Ajay Patnaik, 1995.

10. Mushahis Hussain , “Iran and Turkey in Central Asia: Complementary or Competing Roles?”, Middle East International , 19^th February 1993, p. 19.

11. Roy M.S. , “Russia and Central Asia: Problems and Prospects”, Strategic Analysis , no. 3, June 2001, p. 462.

12. “Armenia-Azerbaijan Wars Maneuver Around Oil”, Moscow News , 1993, p. 38.

13. Miriam Lanskoy , “Russia, NATO Forge New Relationship”, Russia Forum Monitor , No. 930, American Foreign Policy Council (Washington D.C.), 16^th May, 2002.

14. Newspot , 11^th March, 1993.

15. Freedom R.O. , “Russia and Central Asia under Yeltsin”, Central Asian Monitor ; no.4, 1996, p. 19.

16. Rossiskaya Gazeta , 19^th January 1993, Izvestia, 31^st March 1993.

17. President Boris Yeltsin's comments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs senior staff were reported in Krasnaya Zvezda , 28^th October, 1992.

18. The Financial Times (London), 28^th May 1992.

19. Shirin Akiner , Central Asia, New Era of Crisis (London; Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1993).

20. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, July 29th, 1993 cited in Current Digest of Post Soviet Press, Vol. XLV, no. 30, 1993.

21. Summary of World Broadcasts , 27^th September 1993.

22. The Financial Times (London), 28^th September, 1993.

23. Talib Saidbaev , “Inter ethnic conflicts in Central Asia: Social and Religious Perspectives” in Kumar Singhe and others (eds.) Ethnicity and Conflict in a post-Communist World, (London. Macmillan, 1992). p. 233.

24. Russian Television Report on 23^rd December 1994, cited in Summary of World Broadcasts , FEI/2029/PB 1–2, 23^rd December 1994.

25. Central Asia News File , School of Oriental and African Studies, no. 26, December 1994.

26. Itar-Tass, 3^rd March 1994 quoted in “Inside Central Asia” BBC (London), 6^th March 1994.

27. President Boris Yeltsin's speech to Civic Union on 28^th February 1993, quoted in Yeltsin Suggests a Role for Russia (New York) 1^st March 1993.

28. International Herald Tribune (Singapore), 29th September, 1992.

29. International Crisis Group (Belgium), Report No. 33, "CentralAsia: Border Disputes and Conflict Potentiar', 4^th March 2002.

30. “Central Asia: Border Disputes Increase Potential for Conflict”, IRIN News , UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 15^th April, 2002.

31. “Policy Brief: Risk of Increasing Instability in the Ferghana Valley”, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology , Russian Academy of Sciences, September-December 2000.

32. Richard Woff , “Independence and the Uzbek Armed Forces” Jane' Intelligence Review (London), December 1993.

33. Peter Sinnott , “The Physical Geography of Soviet Central Asia and the Aral Sea Problem”, in Lewis Robert A. (Ed.), Geographic Perspective on Soviet Central Asia (London, 1992).

34. Roy Allison , “Central Asia Chapter,” Adelphi Paper 280 , International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1993, p. 67.

35. Chenoy Anuradha , "Transfer of Power and Military Strategy in the CIS“ in Ajay Patnaik (Ed.), 1995, pp 80–81.

36. Krasnaya Zvezda , 23^rd May 1992, for the CIS Collective Security Treaty text and signatories.

37. Sergei Blagov , “Kremlin Exercises its Muscle in Central Asia”, Asia Times , February 2, 2002.

38. Dermott Roger N Mc , “Tajikistan Hurries to Strengthen Border Protections”, Eurasia Insight , 10^th July 2002.

39. Uzbek agency report on press conference given by Islam Karimov President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, FBIS - USSR , 7^th June 1993, p. 68.

40. Hyman Anthony , “Power and Politics in Central Asia's New Republics”, in Shirin Akiner (Ed.), Political and Economic Trends in Central Asia (British Academic Press, 1990), p. 121.

41. Vaughn Bruce , “Shifting Geopolitical Realities Between South, Southwest and Central Asia”, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 12, no. 2, London 1994, p. 306.

42. Olcott Matha Brill , “The Future of Central Asia”, The Harriman Institute Forum 6 , 2nd October 1992, p. 43.

43. Rupert James , “Dateline Tashkent: Post Soviet Central Asia”, Foreign Policy , no. 89, summer 1993, p. 186.

44. The first pact was signed in Istanbul on 26^th June 1992 by eleven nations. This list of areas of cooperation included: transport, communication, exchange of economic and commercial information, energy, mining and processing of raw materials, tourism, agricultural and agricultural industry, public health and veterinary science, pharmaceuticals, science and technology and a Black Sea regional bank of international trade and investment which came to be known as a ‘Black Sea Economic Cooperation Pact 1993'.

45. Middle East Economic Digest , 5^th June 1993, p. 22.

46. Rumev Boris Z. , “The Gathering Storm in Central Asia”, Orbis, Vol. 37, no. 1, Winter 1993, p. 17.

47. Robins Philip , “The Middle East and Central Asia”, in Peter Ferdinand (Ed.) The New Central Asia and Its Neighbours, (London; Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1994), pp. 55–72.

48. Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. xxxix, no. 9, November 1993, also Turkish Daily News, 16^th August 1993.

49. The Commonwelth of Independent States, Vol. xvii, no. 11, November 1992.

50. Newspot , 11^th September 1993.