India's Response to Nuclear Non-Proliferation Measures

1. Yefremov A. Y. , Nuclear Disarmament , Moscow, 1979, p. 14.

2. Jain J.P. India and Disarmament, Vol. 1, Nehru Era, New Delhi, 1974, p. 13.

3. Ibid .

4. Ibid ., pp. 13–14.

5. For a perspective on the essential differences between the Baruch Plan and Soviet Proposal, see T.T. Poulose, United Nations and Nuclear Proliferation , Delhi, 1988. pp. 4–5.

6. A.Y. Yefremov, n. 1, pp. 14–15.

7. T.T. Poulose, n. 5, p. 5.

8. Ibid .

9. Cited in J.P. Jain, n. 2, p. 15.

10. Ibid p.16.

11. Ibid .

12. Ibid. , pp. 17–18.

13. Ibid., p. 18.

14. Ibid .

15. Jawaharlal Nehru , India's Foreign Policy Selected Speeches . September 1946–April 1961, New Delhi. 1971, p. 119.

16. Poulose T. T. , “India's Nuclear Policy,” in Poulose T. T. . (Ed.). Perspectives of India's Nuclear Policy , New Delhi, 1978, p. 117.

17. Savita Pande “India and the Test Ban”, in Jasjit Singh (Ed.) Nuclear India , New Delhi, 1998, p. 232.

18. Cited in T.T. Poulose, no. 5, p. 29.

19. J.P. Jain, n. 2, p. 66.

20. Ibid , pp.66–67.

21. T.T. Poulose, n-5, p.27.

22. Ibid .

23. Savita Pande , Pakistan's Nuclear Policy , Delhi 1991, p. 17, Also see J.P. Jain n.2, p. 67.

24. Jawaharlal Nehru, n. 15, p. 199.

25. T.T. Poulose, n. 5, p. 30.

26. Ibid, p.31. Also see his “The United Nations, India and Test Ban,” India Quartely, Vol. LIII, nos. 1 and 2, January-June 1997, p. 137.

27. Jawaharlal Nehru, n. 15, p. 235.

28. Alva Myrdal , The Game of Disarmament , New York, 1976, p. 88.

29. Jayant Prasad , “A Non-aligned View of Disarmament.” IDSA Journal, Vol. XVI, no. 1, July-September 1983, pp. 91–92.

30. See J.P. Jain, n. 2, p. 117.

31. Cited in Ibid .

32. Ibid ., p. 126.

33. Statement by the Indian representative to the UN Disarmament Commission, 4 May 1965, UN Document/PV 75 (ACDA Document on Disarmament, 1965) p. 142.

34. Statement of Swaran Singh of India, GAOR , Session 20, 1358th Plenary Meeting, 12 October 1965, p. 8.

35. Statement of V.C. Trivedi of India, GAOR , Session 20, 1st Committee, 1363rd Meeting, 26 October 1965, pp. 55–56.

36. Ibid, p. 56.

37. For details, see Statement of Azim Hussain of India, GAOR , Session 22, 1st Committee, 1567th Meeting, 14 May 1968, pp. 11–17.

38. Subrahmanyam K. , “India: Keeping the Option open,” in Lawrence Roberrt M. Joel Larus (Ed.) Nuclear Proliferation Phase II , Kansas, 1974, p. 137.

39. See India's Position on the Proposed Draft Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , New Delhi, 1968, cited in K. Subrahmanyam, Ibid. p. -137.

40. See T.T. Poulose, n. 5, p. 60.

41. For details of India's objection to the NPT, see Statement of Azim Hussain of India, n. 37, K. Subrahmanyam, n. 38, pp. 137–42 T.T. Poulose, n.16, pp. 118–23.

42. Poulose T.T. , “The Third World Response to Anti-Nuclear Proliferation Strategy.” India Quarterly , April-June 1978, p. 145.

43. Ibid .

44. Ibid ., p. 146.

45. Cited in Ibid .

46. Vinod M.J. , “Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia: Current and Future Trends”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVIII, No. 12, March 1996, p. 1606.

47. Subrahmanyam K. , “The Indian Nuclear Test in a Global Perspective,” in Misra K.P. (Ed.), Foreign Policy of India. A Book of Readings , New Delhi, 1977, pp. 193–194.

48. Kausik B.M. , “India's Nuclear Policy” in Bimal Prasad (Ed), India's Foreign Policy, Studies in Continuity and Change, New Delhi, 1979, p. 407.

49. Jha C.S. , “The Non-Proliferation Debates: Relevance of India's stand”, Times of India , 22 February 1978. Also see the interview given by K. Subrahmanyam, "Pak offer of nuclear free zone a bluff, “Amrita Bazar Patrica, 30 May 1987.

50. Subramanian R.R. “India's Nuclear Situation: Where To?” IDSA Journal, Vol. X, no.4, April-June 1976, p. 304.

51. Indian and Foreign Review , 15 September 1977, p. 5.

52. Ibid .

53. Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. XXIII, no.10, October 1977, p. 18.

54. Atal Behari Vajpayee , New Dimension of India's Foreign Policy , New Delhi, 1979, p. 102.

55. Moraji Desai's Address to the Special Session of the UN General Assembly on Disarmament, in Gangal S.C. (Ed.) India's Foreign Policy , New Delhi, 1980, pp. 435–36.

56. Kaushik B. M. , "India's Nuclear Policy,” in Bimal Prasad (Ed.), n.48, p.405.

57. Ibid .

58. See Speech by A.B. Vajpayee, Minister of External Affairs at the Conference of Foreign Minister of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade on 26 July 1978, in S.C. Gangal (ed.), n.55, pp. 176–177. Also see Vajpayee's Speech at the 33rd Session of the UN General Assembly on 10 October 1978, Ibid. , p.485.

59. For details for the Plan, see William Epstein, The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control , New York, 1976, p. 209.

60. T.T. Poulose, n. 5, p. 84.

61. Savita Pande, n. 23. p. 133.

62. Ibid .

63. Ibid. , p. 134.

64. Jayaramu P.S. , “Nuclear Weapon Free Zone, Non-Proliferation Treaty and South Asia”, in Subrahmanyam K. (ed.). Nuclear Myths and Realities , New Delhi, 1981, p. 80.

65. Poulose T.T. , “The Politics of Nuclear Free Zon∗∗∗ and South Asia.” Pacific Community, Vol. 8, No.3, April 1977, p. 556.

66. Ibid. , pp. 550–51.

67. The UN and Disarmament : 1970–75, New York, 1976, p. 104.

68. Statement of B.C. Mishra of India, GAOR . Session 29, A/C. I/P. 2016, 11 November, 1974, p. 26.

69. P.S. Jayaramu, n. 64, pp. 82–83.

70. The address of the Defence Minister to National Defence College, Cited in Savita Pande , n.23, p. 143.

71. Hindustan Times , 20 November 1977.

72. Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. XXIV, no.3, March 1978, pp. 130–31.

73. "Moraji Desai's Address to the Special Session of the UN General Assembly on Disarmament,” in Gangal S.C. (Ed), n.55, p.437.

74. Subrahmanyam K. , Security in a Changing World , New Delhi, 1990, p. 128.

75. Ibid., p. 129.

76. Ibid .

77. P. S. Jayarama, n. 64, p. 83.

78. Ibid .

79. Jasjit Singh , “Managing the Nuclear Challenge.” Strategic' Analysis, Vol. XIV, No.6, September 1991. p. 639. Also see T.C. Bose, "The United States and South Asia: The Nuclear Proliferation Dimension,” Strategic Analysis. Vol. XVI, no. 12. March 1994, p. 1604.

80. Chari P.R. , “Pak Nuclear Intentions and India,” Mainstream, Vol. XVII, No. 33, April 1979, p. 6.

81. Indian and Foreign Review, Vol. 16, no. 14, May 1979. p. 6.

82. P.S. Jayarami, n. 64, p. 78.

83. For an elaborate discussion on the concept of crypto nuclear weapon powers, see K. Subrahmanyam, “Super Power Behaviour: Acting in Concert”, World Focus, Vol. I, No. 7, July 1980, p. 9. Also see his "The Myth of Deterrence,” in Subrahmanyam K. (Ed), n. 64, p. 67.

84. P. S. Jayaramu, n. 64, p. 79.

85. Raja Mohan C. , “Waiting for the Nuclear Winter; Breakdown of Nuclear Arms Control.” Social Scientist, January 1984, p. 35. For details, see Ibid., pp. 35–37.

86. The United Nations and Disarmament , 1945–1985, New York, 1985, pp. 102–3.

87. GAOR , 37th Session, First Committee, Mtg.41, p.II; GAOR, 38th Session, First Committee, Mtg.13, p.38; GAOR, 39th Session, First Committee, Mtg. 45, p.52.

88. GAOR , 40th Session, First Committee, Mtg.41, pp. 13–17.

89. GAOR, 41st Session, First Committee, Mtg.46, pp.22–23.

90. Hindu , 25 October 1985.

91. For details, see C. Raja Mohan, “India's Nuclear Diplomacy: The Need for clarity,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. IX, No. 11, February 1986, pp. 1076–87.

92. See P. L. Bhole, Pakistan's Nuclear Policy . New Delhi, 1993, pp. 136–137.

93. Savita Pande , “Approach to Nuclear Issue,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVI. No. 8, November 1993, p. 1015.

94. Mahmudul Huque , “Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia and US Policy,” International Studies , Vol. 34, No.1. January-March 1997, p. 6.

95. For the composition of the proposal, see P.L. Bhola n.92, p. 171.

96. Ibid. , pp, 171–172. Also see the relevant quotation in Chintamani Mahapatra. "The US Pressure on Pakistan: Wakim's Mission to Pakistan,” Strategic Analysis, vol.XIV, no.6, September 1991, p. 646.

97. See P.L. Bhola, n. 92, p. 172. Also see Chintamani Mahapatra, Ibid.

98. Chintamani Mahapatra , Ibid , p. 647.

99. Jasjit Singh, n. 79, p. 639.

100. P.L. Bhola, n. 92, p. 172.

101. Chintamani Mahapatra . “US Policy Towards Nuclear Issues in South Asia,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVI, No.5, August 1993, p. 527.

102. Mitchell Reiss , “Safeguarding the Nuclear Peace in South Asia,” Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIII, No. 12, December 1993, p. 1108.

103. Times of India , 30 August 1995.

104. The Telegraph , 20 August 1995.

105. Times of India , n. 103.

106. Ibid .

107. Savita Pande. n, 93, p. 1018.

108. Subrahmanyam K. , “India and NPT: Ploughing a Lonely Furrow”, Mainstream , Vol. XXX, No.41, 1 August 1992, p. 12.

109. Savita Pande , “CTBT and NPT: A Study in Linkages,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVII, No.9, December 1994, p. 1069.

110. Balachandran G. , “CTBT and India,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XIX, No.3, June 1996, p. 493.

111. Jasjit Singh , “India and the CTBT,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XIX, no. 6, September 1996, p. 835. Also see K. Subramanyam. "CTBT Negotiation: The case for India's Withdrawal,” Times of India, 8 March 1996.

112. G. Balachandran, n. 110, p,494.

113. Times of India , 31 August 1996.

114. G. Balachandran, n. 110.

115. Times of India , 1 March 1995, 14 November 1995.

116. Times of India , 17 July 1996.

117. Times of India , 30 June 1996.

118. Cited in Subhash Kirpekar , “Indian Veto Concentrates minds in Geneva,” Times of India , 21 August 1996.

119. Ibid .

120. Times of India , 12 September 1996.

121. Times of India , 26 June 1996.

122. Subrahrnanyam K. , “Sovereignty Assailed: Moment of Truth for Independent India.” Times of India . 13 August 1996.

123. Jaswant Singh , Defending India , Bangalore, 1999. p. 329.

124. Times of India , 1 August 1996.

125. Ibid .

126. Ibid .

127. Subrahmanyam K. , “Resisting Pressure: Assessing India's Interests in CTBT,” Times of India , 12 October 1998.

128. Miguel Marin Bosch , “Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: At the Crossroads,” Strategic Digest, Vol. XXV, No. 10, October 1995, p. 1367.

129. Ibid .

130. Ibid , p. 1369.

131. Ibid .

132. Times of India , 19 June 1996.

133. Jasjit Singh, n. 111. p.836.

134. In fact, taking advantage of the loopholes in the CTBT, the US has conducted two so-called “sub-critical” tests on 2 July 1997 as part of 40 billion dollar Stockpile Stewardship and Management Programme to design and improve new nuclear weapons. Times of India , 4 July 1997.

135. Jasjit Singh, n. 111, p. 836.

136. Cited in Miguel Marin Bosch, n. 128, p. 1367.

137. Eric Arnett , “The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban,” SIPRI Yearbook 1995. New York p.712.

138. Savita Pande , “CTBT and India,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XIV, no.2, May 1996, p. 163.

139. Ibid .

140. Cited in Ibid , p. 164.

141. Times of India , 31 July 1996.

142. Times of India , 12 September, 1996.

143. Times of India , 25 September 1996.

144. Times of India , 28 September 1996.

145. Times of India , 30 September 1996.

146. Jasjit Singh , n. 111, p.837; K. Subrahmanyam, “India and CTBT: Strategy Beyond Dissociation,” Times of India , 25 June 1996.

147. Subrahmanyam K. , CTBT Issue: Merely Arms Control for Big Five, Times of India , 23 March 1996.

148. Times of India , 21 December 1995.

149. Cited in Miguel Marin Bosch, n. 128, p, 1367.

150. Indian Express , 16 April 1996.

151. Jasjit Singh, n. 111, p. 841.

152. Cited in J.P. Jain, n. 2, p.4, Also see N.M. Ghatate, "Disarmament Logic' Learning From Nehru's Nuclear Vision,” Times of India, 18 September 1998.

153. Zuberi M. , “Nuclear Labyrinth,” World Focus, Vol. 18, no.3, March 1997. p. 12.

154. Jasjit Singh , Director, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, has pointed out four central reasons why nuclear disarmament is a strategic goal for India. For details, see his India and the CTBT no. 111. pp. 840–41.

155. Times of India , 12 September, 1996.

156. See Jasjit Singh, n. 111.

157. Ibid , p. 841.

158. See Ibid. , p, 843.

159. Ibid , p. 842.

160. Ibid , p. 840.

161. See Raja Mohan C. , “US Bludgeoning and NPT's Indefinite Extension”, Mainstream, Vol. XXXIII, no.26, 20 May 1995.

162. Ibid .

163. Jasjit Singh, n. 111, pp. 842–43.

164. Times of India , 13 September 1996.

165. Times of India , 28 September 1996.

166. Times of India . 22 August 1996.

167. See Jasjit Singh, n. 111, p. 845.

168. Ibid .

169. Times of India , 13 July 1996.

170. Times of India , 17 July 1996.

171. Ibid .

172. Times of India , 12 September 1996.

173. See Mahmudul Huque, n. 94, p. 5.

174. Muchkund Dubey , “India stands its ground: CTBT and the country's future options,” Frontline. Vol. 13, no.20, 18 October 1996, p. 87.

175. Ibid , p. 88, For a relevant discussion see Muchkund Dubey, Ibid, pp. 87–88; Jasjit Singh, no 111.p.846; C.Raja Mohan, "India should Execrise Nuclear Option,” World Focus, n. 153, pp. 4–5; M.Zuberi, "Nuclear Labyrinth,” Ibid., pp. 12, 19; K.Subramanyam, "India and CTBT: Deterrence Requires Testing Option,” Times of India, 22 February 1996.

176. Raja Mohan C. , World Focus , n. 153, p. 5.

177. Brahma Chellaney , “Nuclear Option: The Unresolved Issue,” Times of India , 9 August 1997.

178. Subrahrnanyam K. , “India's Nuclear Confusion,” World Focus . n. 153, p.6.

179. Text of the Press Statement made by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister in New Delhi on 11 May 1998, reproduced in Mainstream, Vol XXXVI, no.22, 23 May 1998, p.11.

180. Times of India , 17 May 1998.

181. Address of the Prime Minister of India to the 53rd UN General Assembly, reproduced in Strategic Digest. Vol. XXVIII, no. 11, November 1998, p. 1801.

182. Uday Bhaskar C. , “India and the CTBT: Implications,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXII, no. 8, November 1998, p. 1237.

183. Address of the Prime Minister of India to the 53rd UN General Assembly. Strategic Digest , n. 181, pp. 180–02.

184. The Hindu , 22 May 1998.

185. Address of the Prime Minister of India to the 53rd UN General Assembly, Strategic Digest , n. 181, p. 1801.

186. Jaswant Singh, n. 123, p. 335.

187. The structure and contents of the proposed FMCT are yet to be shaped. The Indian position was that the country might endorse the FMCT provided the Conference on Disarmament (CD) stuck to the mandate as given by the UN General Assembly in 1993. New Delhi's reading of the UN mandate was that "the FMCT must not be seen in the retrospective sense. It has to be viewed as a prospective measure which prohibits the future production of unsafeguarded materials.” However, Prime Minister I.K. Gujral announced on 31 May 1997 at BARC that India will not sign the FMCT. According to the official spokesman of the External Affairs Ministry, the Prime Minister's stand on FMCT marked “a new but welcome phase” in India's nuclear diplomacy. Prakash Nanda. “India's stand on fissile treaty marks new phase in nuclear diplomacy,” Times of India , 3 June 1997.

188. Times of India , 22 December 1999. Also see L.K.Sharma's report "Key Indo-US nuclear talks in London.” Times of India, 17 January 2000.

189. Times of India . 7 January 1999; The Telegraph, 11 January, 1999.

190. Times of India , n. 189.

191. Times of India , 10 December 1998.

192. Times of India , 22 December 1999.

193. Jasjit Singh , “Nuclear Diplomacy,” in Jasjit Singh (Ed.) Nuclear India , n. 17, p. 299.

194. Ibid .

195. Subramanyam K. “Consensus on CTBT: Driving a Hard Bargain with US,” Times of India , 14 September 1998.

196. Raja Mohan C. , “Rethinking the CTBT,” The Hindu , 26 May 1998.

197. “India's nuclear policy: what Next?,” The Hindu , 24 May 1998.

198. “India and the test ban treaty,” The Hindu , 11 September 1998.

199. Subrahmanyam K. , “Resisting Pressure: Assessing India's Interest in CTBT,” Times of India , 12 October 1998.

200. However, a section of India analysts believe that a nuclear weapon state will bring to India more insecurity than security and nuclear deterrence may not work. See V.R. Raghavan's “India's nuclear dilemma,” The Hindu , 9 June 1998; "Nuclear Security Strategy, “The Hindu, 5 August 1998; "Minimum nuclear deterrences, “The Hindu, 8 September 1998; "Nuclear Weapons and new Wars,” The Hindu, 6 October 1998; "Dream of nuclear deterrence,” The Telegraph, 28 August 1999; Dr. A. Gopalakrishnan, "How Credible is our deterrence,” The Hindu, 18 November 1998; Kanti Bajpayee, "The Fallacy of an Indian Deterrence,” in Amitabh Mattoo (Ed.), India's Nuclear Deterrent: Pokhran-II and Beyond, New Delhi, 1999, pp. 150–188; Praful Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, South Asia on a short Fuse: Nuclear Politics and the Future of Global Disarmament, New Delhi 1999, pp. 168–202.

201. Times of India , 22 September 1998.

202. Ibid , Also see their interviews, Times of India, 22 October 1998. R. Chidambaram said that by signing the CTBT India would not weaken its nuclear deterrence capability, see The Telegraph, 10 May 1999.

203. Arundhati Ghose , “Taming India: The CTBT as a Control Mechanism,” Times of India, 26 February 1999. Also see her. Tricks and Treaties,” The Telegraph, 29 May 1998; "India's objections to CTBT,” reproduced in World Focus, vol-19, nos. 6–7, June-July 1998, pp, 16–17; her interview in Frontline, 3 July 1998.

204. Venkateswaran A.P. , “Focus on CTBT,” Hindustan Times , 4 November 1998.

205. Iyengar P.K. , “Imperatives before India: Questions of nuclear non-proliferation deterrence and India,” Frontline , 4 August 2000, Also see his, "Nuclear Nuances: Credible Deterrence Through Testings,” Times of India, 23 August 2000.

206. Times of India , 9 December 1998.

207. Subrahmanyam advocates such a view point. See his “Consensus on CTBT: Driving a Hard Bargaining with US,” Times of India . 14 September 1998; "Resisting Pressure : Assessing India's Interest in CTBT,” Times of India, 12 October 1998; "Pause over CTBT : Cox Report and Implications for India,” Times of India 31 May 1999; "A strategic Overview; Forging a consesus on the CTBT,” Times of India, 9 August 1999.

208. Times of India , 21 October 1999.

209. Times of India , 26 November 1999.

210. Times of India , 11 December 1999. Also see C. Raja Mohan, "Towards a CTBT Consensus,” The Hindu, 9 December 1999.

211. Times of India , 16 December 1998.

212. Congress has supported such a view-point. See Times of India , 22 December 1999.

213. The Hindu , 14 January 2000.

214. Subrahmanyam K. , “Nuclear India in Global Politics,” World Affairs, Vol. 2, no. 1, July-September 1998, p. 16.

215. Jasjit Singh , “India's Nuclear Policy: The Year After,” Strategic Analysis , n. 215, p. 527.

216. K. Subrahmanyam, n. 219.

217. Ibid , p. 3 8.

218. “Evolution of India's Nuclear Policy,” Paper laid on the Table of Parliament by the Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, on 27 May 1998 (Hereafter referred as “Evolution of India's Nuclear-Policy”), reproduced in Mainstream, Vol. XXXVI, no.24, 6 June 1998, p. 20.

219. The Hindu , 11 November 1998.

220. Raja Mohan C. , “Towards Arms control,” World Focus , n. 206, p. 18.

221. See Jasjit Singh, “India, Europe and Non-Proliferation: Pokhran II and After,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXII, no. 8, November 1998, p. 116–7.

222. See Rajesh Rajagopalan, “Why the Non-Proliferation Regime will Survive,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, no. 2, May 1999, p. 210.

223. Raja Mohan C. has strongly articulated this view-point. For details see his “India should Exercise Nuclear Option,” World Focus, Vol. 18, no. 3, March 1997, pp. 3–5; "Towards Arms control,” World Focus. n.206, pp. 18–20,22; "India's Nuclear Policy: What next?”. The Hindu, 24 May 1998; "Rethinking CTBT,” The Hindu, 26 May 1998; "Rethinking CTBT and FMCT,” The Hindu, 16 June 1998; "India and the test ban treaty,” The Hindu, 11 September 1998.

224. Jasjit Singh , “India's Nuclear Policy: The Year After,” Strategic Analysis, n.215, pp. 521, 524–525.

225. “India, Europe and Non-proliferation: Pokhran II and After,” Strategic Analysis , n.226, p. 1122.

226. Mani V.S. , "India's Tests: the legal issues,” The Hindu , 5 June 1998.

227. Arundhati Ghose , “India's Objection to CTBT”, World Focus , n.206, p. 16.

228. "Evolution of India's Nuclear Policy“, no. 223, p. 19.

229. “Text of the Indian Nuclear Doctrine, adopted by the National Security Advisory Board”, Mainstream, Vol. XXXVII. no. 37, 4 September 1999, p. 7.

230. “Evolution of India's Nuclear Policy”, Mainstream , n. 223, p. 17.

231. The Hindu , 8 August 1998.

232. Ibid .

233. “Evolution of India's Nuclear Policy” Mainstream , n.223, p.19.

234. Times of India , 25 October 1998.

235. Times of India , 15 October 1998.

236. “Editorial”, Times of India , 5 November 1998.

237. The Hindu , 15 November 1998; Times of India, 15 November 1998.

238. The Hindu , 6 December 1998.

239. Cited in J.P. Jain, n. 2, p.4. Also see N.M. Ghatate, “Disarmament Logic: Learning From Nehru's Nuclear Vision”, n. 152.

240. President of the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs and Nobel Peace Prize winner, the eminent nuclear scientist (an erstwhile member of the Manhattan Project), Professor Joseph Rotblat, in his Nobel speech in December 1995 asserted, "We have the technical means to create a Nuclear Weapon Free World in about a decad,” cited in Jasjit Singh, “India and the CTBT”. Strategic Analysis Vol XIX, no. 6, September 1996, p. 844. Also, for a ready reference of world public support for nuclear disarmament, see Amitabh Mattoo, “Disarming manners”. The Telegraph, 11 September 1998.