WheelerG., The peoples of Soviet Central Asia (London; The Bodley Head, 1969), p. 93
2.
Shams-ud-din, “Geopolitics of Central Asia” in India and Russia in a changing world (New Delhi; ICSSR, 1999), p. 100
3.
Sham-ud-din, Secularisation in the USSR (Delhi; Vikas Publishing House, 1982), p. 82
4.
BaconElizabeth E., Central Asians Under Russians Rule (New York, Ithaka; Cornell University Press, 1966), p. 67
5.
PierceRichard D., Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917 (Berkeley and Los Angeles; University of California Press, 1960), p. 12
6.
SchuylerE. Phil, Dr., Turkistan (London, Sampson Low, Maraston; Searle and Rivington, 1976), p. 57
7.
8.
Shams-ud-din, n. 2, pp. 100–101
9.
GernerKristianHedlundStefan, Ideology and Rationality in the Soviet Model: A Legacy for Gorbachev (London, New York; Routelege, 1989), p. 35
10.
ApterDavid E., The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, London; Chicago University Press, 1965), p. 6
11.
The Politics of Modernization, p. 35
12.
Constitution of Turkmenistan, Ashgabad, 18 May, 1992, no. 691-XII, pp. 1–19, “Kazakhstan: Republic Constitution”, FBIS: Central Eurasia, nos. 48-54, 19 April 1993, pp. 68-78,“Kyrgyzastan: Republic constitution”, FBIS: Central Eurasia, nos. 99 — 105, 9 August 1993, pp. 8-101., “Tajikistan: Draft Republic Constitution presented”, FBIS: Central Eurasia, nos. 52-56, 18 May 1994, pp. 92-103., Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 8 December 1992, pp. 9-36
13.
14.
15.
16.
Article 55, “Kazakhstan: Republic constitution”, FBIS: Central Eurasia, nos. 48-54, 19 April 1993, pp. 68–78.
Constitutions of the five Republics of Central Asia, n. 12
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
SaltmarheDouglas, “ Civil Society And Sustainable Development in Central Asia”, Central Asian Survey (oxford), Vol. 15, nos. 3-4, 1996, p. 391
24.
Central Asian Survey (oxford), p. 390
25.
HunterShireen, “Islam in Post — Independence Central Asia: Internal and External Dimensions”, Journal of Islamic Studies (London), vol. 7, no. 2, 1996, p. 299
26.
Journal of Islamic Studies, pp. 299–300
27.
SaltmarsheDouglas, n. 23, p. 391
28.
HaghayeghiMehrdad, “Islamic Revival in the central Asian Republics”Central Asian Survey (oxford), vol. 13, no. 2, 1994, p. 253
29.
TadjbakhshShahrbanon, “National Reconstruction: the Imperfect Whim”. Central Asian Survey (oxford), vol. 15, nos 3-4, 1996, p. 325
30.
ShomamovAskar Zh.. “Social Modernization of Kazakh Society”, Contemporary Central Asia (New Delhi), vol. 1, 1997, p. 13
31.
“New Party — Legalization of Opposition Party”. Keesing's Record of World Events, vol. 40, no. 4, 1994, p. 39961
32.
OchsMicheal. “Turkmenistan: the Duest for stability and Control”, in DewishaKarenparrottBruce, eds., Conflict, Cleanage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 324
33.
ShomanovAskar Zh., n. 30, pp. 13–14
34.
Conflict, Cleanage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, p. l5
35.
FiermanWilliam, “Political Development in Uzbekistan Democratization?”, in Karen Dewisha and Bruce Parrot, eds., n. 32, p. 389
36.
DaniAhmad Hassan, New Light on Central Asia (Delhi; Renaissance Publishing House, 1993), p. 121
37.
ShomanovAskar Zh., n. 30, p. 13
38.
New Light on Central Asia, p. l4
39.
40.
New Light on Central Asia, p. 15
41.
FiermanWilliam, n. 35, p. 375
42.
DaniAhmad Hassan, n. 36, p. 96
43.
AkbarzadehShahram, “Nation-Building in Uzbekistan”, Central Asian Survey (Oxford), vol. 15, no.1, 1996, p. 24
44.
“New Political Party to be set up in Uzbekistan”, Pravada-vostoka, 25 May 1995, p. 1. Summary of World Broadcast, part-I, 27 May 1995, p. Su/2314G/l
45.
ShiraziHabibollah Abolhassan, “political Forces and Their Structure in Tajikistan”, Central Asian Survey (Oxford), vol. 16, no. 3, 1997, p. 614
46.
DaniAhmad Hassan, n. 36, p. 118
47.
Ibid., p. 119
48.
“Turkmenistan”, The Europa Year Book, vol. II (London, 1997), p. 3294
49.
“Kyrgyzatan”, Political Handbook of the World 1998 (New York, 1998), p. 519
50.
“Kyrgyzatan”. The Europa Year Book, vol. II (London, 1997), p. 1968
51.
“Kyrgyzatan”, n.49, p.579
52.
ShomanovAskar Zh., n.30, p. 16
53.
“Turkmenistan: Legislative elections”, Keesing's Record of World Events, vol.45, no. 12, December 1999, p.43312
54.
Constitutions of the five Republics of Central Asia, n.12
