Humanitarian Intervention: Power Politics or Global Responsibility

Oppenhiem L. , International Law, Vol. 1, Lomg mans Green, London, Eight Edition, P. 305

Bull Hedley (ed), Intervention in World Politics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1984, P. 190

de Vattel Emrich , “Le droit des gens,” Book II, P. 54, Text of 1758 with C. G. Fenwick's translation in Classic of International Law, Carnegie Institute Washington, 1916, P. 131

Among outstanding works, Wolff Christian , Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifics Pertractum, London, 1934, Vattel. n. 2. Robert Phillimore, Commentaries Upon International Law Vol. I, London, 1879, John Westlake, International Law, Part I, Cambridge 1904, T. J. Lawrence, The Principles of International Law, London, 1910, L. Oppenheim, n. 1., E. C. Stowell, Intervention in International Law, Washington, 1921

Hoffman Stanely , “The Problem of Intervention”, in Bull Hedley (ed), Intervention in World Politics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1984, P.26

Prasad B. A. , “Peace Soldiering: Emerging Contours”, Strategic Analysis, Vol XVII, No. 6, September 1994, P. 761

Oppenheim L. , n. 1, P. 312

Cited in Roberts Adam , “Humanitarian War, Military Intervention and War,” International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 3 July 1993, P. 433

Hoffman Stanely , n. 5, P. 26

See Forsythe David. P. , Human Rights and World Politics, University of Nebraska Press, 1983, Theodore Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law, 2 Vols, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1984, Moses Moskowitz, International concern with Human Rights, Dobbes Ferry, New York, 1974

See Lauterpacht Hersch , International Law and Human Rights, New York, 1950, pp 147–48, 151, 178, Rosalyn Higgins, The Development of International Law through the Political Organs of the United Nations, London, 1963, p. 128, Manochehr Ganji, International Protection of Human Rights, Geneva, 1962, pp. 113-23

Hudson Manley. O. Kelsen Hans Watson J. S. subscribe to the view that human rights fall within the domestic jurisdiction of a state

Vijapur Abdulrahim. P. , “No Distant Millennium: The UN Human Rights Instruments and the Problem of Domestic Jurisdiction, “ in Rajan M. S. (ed.) United Nations At 50 and Beyond, Lancers. Books, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 103–119

(a) Article 2(4) was reinforced by “Declaration on the Inadmissibility of the Intervention in Domestic Affairs, “General Assembly Resolution 2131 (XX), 21 December 1965 and “Friendly Relations Declaration of 24 October 1970”, General Assembly Resolution 2625(XXV) 24 October 1970. (b) Article 51 is an exception to the general prohibition on use of force and permits limited use of force by a state in self defence in the event of being victim of an armed attack

“… in so far as some uses of force within the territory of another state are compatible with the aims of the United Nations, they did not constitute use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of another state” Laberge Pierre , “Humanitarian Intervention Three Ethical Positions,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 9, 1995. p. 15

Akehurst Michael , “Humanitarian Intervention”, in Bull Hedley (ed), Intervention in World Politics, New York, 1984, p. 105

Intervention in World Politics, pp. 105–06

In cases of violation of human rights the UN Security Council generally takes recourse to negotiations or censures or in extreme cases applies sanctions

Damrosch Lori. F. , “Changing Conceptions of Intervention in International Law”, in Reed Laura. W. Keysen Carl (eds), Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, American Academy of Arts and Science, 1993, p. 92

Norchi Charles. H. , “Human Rights in the post-Cold War Era”, Span, September 1995

“Redefining Security: The Human Dimension”, Human Development Report 1994, Published in Current History, Vol. 94, No. 592, May 1995, p. 229

Human Development Report, p. 229

Srivastava H. K. , “Principles of War and Principles of Peace Keeping: A Soldier's Paradox”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XVII, No. 8, November 1994, p. 1042

Qaiyun Nikhat Jamal , “The United nations and Some Global Problematique,” in Rajan M. S. (ed), United Nations At 50 and Beyond, Lancers, New Delhi, 1996, p. 232

Singh Jasjit , “United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: The Challenges of Change”, in M. S. Rajan (ed), United Nations At 50 and Beyond, p. 145

Mehrotra O. N. , “International Security and Ethnic Crisis”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, May 1999, p. 335

Strategic Analysis, p. 334

Joshi Akshay , “The Information Revolution and “National power: Political Aspects-II”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, No. 6, September 1999, p. 1022

The post-Cold War Spurt in Civil Wars has been boosted by proliferation of small arms and light weapons on one hand and no slacking in arms sales by the developed world to the countries including repressive regimes on the other hand

Roberts Adam , “Humanitarian Action in War”, Adelphi Paper, 305, OUP, London, 1996, p. 19

Crocker Chester , Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995, pp. 7–8

hedleyBull, No. 2, p. 193

Bilgrami S. J. R. , “United Nations With and Without Cold War,“ in M. S. Rajan(ed), United Nations At 50 and Beyond, p. 256

humanitarian Interventions and Humanitarian assistance provided by one state to another are two different concepts. Humanitarian assistance is not unlawful provided it satisfies the norms laid down in the first and second of the fundamental Principles declared by the Twentieth International conference of the Red Cross. The first principle says that the purpose of the assistance should be ‘to prevent and alleviate human suffering” and to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being’. The second principle states that the assistance should make ‘no discrimination as to nationality race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions.’

Gupta Bhabani Sen , “India and the UN”, The Hindustan Times, April 7, 1992

Kanwal Gurmeet , “The New World Order: An Appraisal-II,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, July 1999, p. 533

Kak Kapil , “Humanitarian Intervention and the Changing Role of the UN”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIV, No. 7, October 2000, p. 1237

Bilgrami S. J. R. , no. 33, p. 257

Shukla Shashi , “United Nations Peace Keeping in Civil Wars A Critique”, India Quarterly, Vol. LVI, No. 1&2, p. 56

Kanwal Gurmeet , “The New World Order: An Appraisal-I”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. XXIII, No. 3, June 1999, p. 368

Dubey Muchkund , “Order Across Borders: NATO Usurping UN's Legitimate Role”, The Times of India, November 5, 1998

Singh Jasjit , “United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: The Challenges of Change”, in M. S. Rajan (ed), United Nation's At 50 and Beyond, no. 25, p. 150