“Kharaak Kita Oi!” : Masculinity,Caste,and Gender in Punjabi Films

Abstract

This article explores the representations of masculinity and gender in Pakistani Punjabi films. From the 1970s, Punjabi films that depicted the quest for revenge in rural backdrops emerged as the most lucrative films produced in Pakistan. This article focuses specifically on a series of films that center around the character of Maula Jatt, a rebellious and violent figure, who was pivotal to the emergence and popularity of rural-based Punjabi vendetta films. Questioning notions of fixed or unitary manliness, this article traces the emergence of a new male cultural type, as exemplified by Maula Jatt and others, in relation to the depiction of women and male social power. Approaching gender in relational terms entails the study of how codes of masculinities are established by demonstrating their superiority not only over women but also over “other men,” especially those from subordinated social groups. In line with this, this article asserts the importance of examining masculinity in terms of caste identities. Thus, it traces the representations of Jatt identity. It is asserted that these films construct or portray a Jatt-centric hegemonic code of masculinity; with other caste groups being measured according to their ability to live up to this form of masculinity.