Regional Disparities and Socio-economic Determinants of Education and Employment Among Rural Women in India: Findings from NFHS-5 Data

Abstract

This article examines the regional disparities and socio-economic factors influencing rural women’s education and employment status in India. Using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), which includes 73,175 rural women aged 15–49 years across India, the research explores the impact of demographic, economic, and geographic variables on their education and employment outcomes. The statistical analysis reveals significant regional inequalities in both education and employment status. The Eastern and Central zones exhibit the highest rates of women’s illiteracy and unemployment, while the southern zones show more favourable outcomes. Additionally, the study reveals that socio-economic determinants, such as age, marital status, household size, wealth index, caste and religion, significantly impact rural women’s education and employment prospects. The findings underscore the need for targeted policies aimed at reducing these gender-based inequalities, including access to education, vocational training and supportive infrastructure, while addressing socio-cultural barriers that limit rural women’s participation in the workforce.