In this article, we explore the state of food security of people engaged in the plantation sector that has high participation in international trade besides meeting domestic requirements. While doing so, we investigate whether there exist any differences in intra- and inter-household food security. This has been carried out by analysing the state of food security, specifically of female workers, across tea plantations in the Nilgiris, with small tea growers (STGs) representing farm households and Tamilnadu Tea Plantation Corporation Limited (TANTEA) labour representing labour households. The results reveal that the state of food security among farm households is better than what it is among labour households. Across genders, the state of male food security is better than female. Besides, labour households are seen as susceptible to poor living conditions, while farm households are subject to frequent fluctuations in the price of green (tea) leaf and a poor price-sharing formula.
AcharyaP. K. (2003). Maternal factors and nutritional status of preschool children. Man in India, 83(1–2), 109–119.
2.
AgarwalB. (2021). Livelihoods in COVID times: Gendered perils and new pathways in India. World Development, 139, 105312.
3.
AldermanH. (2005). Linkages between poverty reduction strategies and child nutrition: An Asian perspective. Economic & Political Weekly, 40(48), 4837–4842.
4.
BalakrishnanP., & RamaswamiB. (1997). Quality of public distribution system: Why it matters. Economic & Political Weekly, 32(5), 162–165.
5.
BehrmanJ. R., & DeolalikarA. B. (1987). Will developing country nutrition improve with income? A case study for rural South India. Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 492–507.
6.
BeucheltT. D., & VirchowD. (2012). Food sovereignty or the human right to adequate food: Which concept serves better as international development policy for global hunger and poverty reduction?Agriculture and Human Values, 29(2), 259–273.
7.
BhallaG. S. (1994). Policy for food security in India. InEconomic liberalization and Indian agriculture (pp. 133–178). Institute for Studies in Industrial Development.
8.
BhattacharyaJ., CurrieJ., & HaiderS. (2004). Poverty, food insecurity and nutritional outcomes in children and adults. Journal of Health Economics, 23(4), 839–862.
9.
BlissC., & SternN. (1978). Productivity, wages and nutrition: Part II: Some observations. Journal of Development Economics, 5(4), 363–398.
10.
BrodyA. (2015). Towards gender-just and food and nutrition security. Policy Brief, Overview Report. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom.
11.
ChoithaniC. (2020). Gendered livelihoods: Migrating men, left-behind women and household food security in India. Gender, Place & Culture, 27(10), 1373–1394.
12.
ChopraR. N. (1988). Food policy in India: A survey. Intellectual Publishing House.
13.
DandekarV. M., & RathN. (1971). Poverty in India-I: Dimensions and trends. Economic & Political Weekly, 6(1), 25–48.
14.
DeatonA. (2003). Adjusted Indian poverty estimates for 1999–2000. Economic & Political Weekly, 38(4), 322–326.
15.
DeatonA., & ToroziA. (2005). Prices and poverty in India. In DeatonA. & KozelV. (Eds.), The Great Indian Poverty Debate (pp. 570–583). Macmillan.
16.
DevS. M. (1996). Food security: PDS vs EGS: A tale of two states. Economic & Political Weekly, 31(24), 1752–1764.
17.
FAO. (1974). Report of the World Food Conference, Rome, 5–16 November. FAO of the United Nations.
18.
FAO. (1983). Progress in implementation of the plan of action to strengthen world food security: Re-appraisal of concepts and approaches. FAO of the United Nations.
19.
FAO. (1996). Food security: Some macroeconomic dimensions. In The state of food and agriculture. FAO of the United Nations.
20.
FAO. (1997). Report of the World Food Summit. Part One, 13–17. FAO of the United Nations.
21.
FAO. (1999a). Implications of economic policy for food security: A training manual (Training materials for agricultural planning). FAO and GTZ.
22.
FAO. (1999b). The state of food insecurity in the world. FAO of the United Nations.
23.
FAO. (2003). Trade reforms and food security: Conceptualizing the linkages. FAO of the United Nations.
24.
FAO. (2006). Trade reforms and food security: Country case studies and synthesis. FAO of the United Nations.
25.
FAO. (2008). Food security concepts and frameworks: Concepts related to food security - Learner’s notes. Food Security Information for Action.
26.
FAO. (2009). Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security. World Food Summit, 16–18 November. FAO of the United Nations.
27.
FAO. (2011). Good food security governance: The crucial premise to the twin-track approach. FAO of the United Nations.
28.
GeorgeP. S. (1996). Public distribution system, food subsidy and production incentives. Economic & Political Weekly, 31(52), A140–A144.
29.
GouletR. (2009). ‘Food sovereignty’: A step forward in the realisation of the right to food. Law, Social Justice and Global Development Journal, 1(13).
30.
Grantham-McGregorS., CheungY. B., CuetoS., GlewweP., RichterL., & StruppB.; International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 60–70.
31.
Himanshu. (2013). Poverty and food security in India. Asian Development Bank Economics [Working Paper Series, No. 369].
32.
HoddinottJ. (1999). Operationalizing household food security in development projects: An introduction. International Food Policy Research Institute.
33.
JeffN., & PritchardB. (2009). Value chain struggles: Institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India. Wiley-Blackwell.
34.
JhaR., GaihaR., & SharmaA. (2005). Poverty nutrition trap in rural India. Australian National University Trade and Development Working Paper.
35.
JosephK. J. (2010). Towards a new paradigm for plantation development in India: An analysis of the system of production and innovation from an inclusive growth perspective [NRPPD Discussion Paper 1]. Centre for Development Studies.
36.
KumarA. K. S. (2007). Why are levels of child malnutrition not improving?Economic & Political Weekly, 42(12), 1337–1345.
37.
MaxwellD. G. (1996). Measuring food insecurity: The frequency and severity of ‘coping strategies’. Food Policy, 21(3), 291–303.
38.
MechlemK. (2004). Food security and the right to food in the discourse of the United Nations. European Law Journal, 10(5), 631–648.
39.
NairK. R. G. (2007). Malnourishment among children in India: A regional analysis. Economic & Political Weekly, 42(37), 3797–3803.
40.
RadhakrishnaR., & RaviC. (2004). Malnutrition in India: Trends and determinants. Economic & Political Weekly, 39(7), 671–676.
41.
RaoK. M., BalakrishnaN., ArlappaN., LaxmaiahA., & BrahmamG. N. V. (2010). Diet and nutritional status of women in India. Journal of Human Ecology, 29(3), 165–170.
42.
RaoN., PradhanM., & RoyD. (2017). Gender justice and food security in India: A review [IFPRI Discussion Paper 1600]. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2908520
43.
RaoV. M., & DeshpandeR. S. (2002). Food security in drought-prone areas: A study in Karnataka. Economic & Political Weekly, 37(33), 3677–3681.
44.
RoseD. (1999). Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States. The Journal of Nutrition, 129(2), 517S–520S.
45.
SaxenaN. C. (2011). Hunger, under-nutrition and food security in India. Chronic Poverty Research Centre.
46.
SorensenC., SaunikS., SehgalM., TewaryA., GovindanM., LemeryJ., & BalbusJ. (2018). Climate change and women’s health: Impacts and opportunities in India. GeoHealth, 2(10), 283–297.
47.
SukhatmeP. V. (1981). Measuring the incidence of undernutrition: A comment. Economic & Political Weekly, 16(20), 1034–1036.
48.
SwaminathanM. S. (2014). Plantation crops—Challenges ahead in an era of climate change. International Symposium on Plantation Crops, Kozhikode, Kerala.
49.
SwiftJ. (2006). Why are rural people vulnerable to famine?IDS Bulletin, 37(4), 41–49.
50.
TantriM. L. (2019). India’s Plantations Labour Act and inherent structural anomalies. Review of Development and Change, 24(2), 224–241.
51.
TantriM. L. (2021). Nexus between trade liberalization, gender and employment—With a special reference to India’s plantation sector. In RajR. S. N. & SinghaK. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Post-Reform Indian Economy (pp. 526–546). Routledge.
52.
UsmaniG., & AhmadN. (2016). Women’s health status and child health. Social Science Review, 2(2), 95–103.
53.
ViswanathanP. K. (2007). People’s planning and Kerala’s agriculture: The missed linkages. InLocal Governance in India: Ideas, Challenges and Strategies (pp. 342–359). Concept Publishing Company.
54.
WeissT. G. (2000). Governance, good governance and global governance: Conceptual and actual challenges. Third World Quarterly, 21(5), 795–814.
55.
World Bank. (1986). Poverty and hunger: Issues and options for food security in developing countries.
56.
World Bank. (1997). India: Achievements and challenges in reducing poverty (Report No. 16483-IN).
57.
World Bank. (1990). Making adjustment work for the poor, A Framework for Policy Reform in Africa. World Bank study.
