The study aims at exploring the degree of dynamic capacities and versatility of mothers at the household level and to recognise its general determinants. The sample includes 280 households where mothers with school-going children are the respondents. Principal component analysis is applied to estimate a mother’s dynamic capacities and versatility level. The ordinary least-square regression model is developed to identify the factors that influence the mother’s dynamic capacities and versatility level. The outcome shows that the dynamic capacities and versatility of mothers shift fundamentally across families and in general, it is tolerably high. The further result shows that the higher the level of education and the higher the age at marriage the higher the mother’s capacity to taking decisions and move autonomously. Different elements that add to this are a place of residence, religion and housing conditions.
AdatoM., De la BriereB., MindekD., & QuisumbingA. R. (2000). The impact of progress on women’s status and intrahousehold relations. Final report No. 600-2016-40133.
2.
AkramN. (2018). Women’s empowerment in Pakistan: Its dimensions and determinants. Social Indicators Research, 140(2), 755–775. 10.1007/s11205-017-1793-z
3.
Al-ShamiS. S. A., MajidI., MohamadM. R., & RashidN. (2017). Household welfare and women empowerment through microcredit financing: Evidence from Malaysia microcredit. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 27(8), 894–910. 10.1080/10911359.2017.1345341
4.
AntonyG. M., & RaoK. V. (2007). A composite index to explain variations in poverty, health, nutritional status and standard of living: Use of multivariate statistical methods. Public Health, 121(8), 578–587. 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.018
5.
BanerjeeS., AlokS., & GeorgeB. (2020). Determinants of women empowerment as measured by domestic decision-making: Perspective from a developing economy. Advanced Issues in the Economics of Emerging Markets. Emerald Publishing Limited. 10.1108/S1571-038620200000027001
6.
BannorR. K., Oppong-KyeremehH., DerkyiM., AdombilaA. Y., & AmragoE. C. (2020). Village savings and loans association participation and impact on off-farm income among rural women. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy.14(4), 539–562.
7.
BeamanL., DufloE., PandeR., & TopalovaP. (2012). Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: A policy experiment in India. Science, 335(6068), 582–586. 10.1126/science.1212382
8.
BegumS., & SenB. (2009). Maternal health, child well-being and chronic poverty: Does women’s agency matter?Bangladesh Development Studies, 32(4), 69–93.
9.
BhalotraS., BruléR., & RoyS. (2018). Women’s inheritance rights reform and the preference for sons in India. Journal of Development Economics, 146, 102275. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.08.001
10.
BoseN., & DasS. (2017). Women’s inheritance rights, household allocation, and gender bias. American Economic Review, 107(5), 150–153. 10.1257/aer.p20171128
11.
ChaudharyR. A., ChaniM. I., & PervaizZ. (2012). An analysis of different approaches to women empowerment: A case study of Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(7), 971–980.
12.
ChaudharyS. I., & NosheenF. (2009). The determinants of women empowerment in Southern Punjab (Pakistan): An empirical analysis. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2), 216–229.
13.
CornishH., WallsH., NdiranguR., OgburekeN., BahO. M., Tom-KargboJ. F., & RanganathanM. (2021). Women’s economic empowerment and health related decision-making in rural Sierra Leone. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(1), 19–36. 10.1080/13691058.2019.1683229
14.
DasP. & DuttaS. (2015). Impact of mother’s selected attributes on children’s educational attainment: A household level study. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, 1(5), 37–42. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Impact-of Mother%E2%80%99s-Selected-Attributes-on-A-Level Das/cbe5c87ab916ab9f4975841b87cf51cac635eded
15.
DasP., & DuttaS. (2016). Interrelation between mother’s empowerment and children’s schooling: A case study of SC, OBC, and general households of a developing region. Arthshastra: Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 5(2), 39–50. 10.17010/aijer/2016/v5i2/92908
16.
DeereC. D., & DossC. R. (2006). The gender asset gap: What do we know and why does it matter?Feminist Economics, 12(1–2), 1–50. 10.1080/13545700500508056
17.
DossC. (2013). Intrahousehold bargaining and resource allocation in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 28(1), 52–78. 10.1093/wbro/lkt001
18.
DufloE. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development,Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051–1079. 10.1257/jel.50.4.1051
19.
GeddesR., & LueckD. (2002). The gains from self-ownership and the expansion of women’s rights. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1079–1092. 10.1257/00028280260344623
20.
Government of India (GOI). (2002). National human development annual report. Planning Commission. https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/genrep/arep0203/ar0203eng.pdf
21.
GuptaM. (2021). Role of NGOs in women empowerment: Case studies from Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy. 10.1108/JEC-04-2020-0066
22.
Hafsah BatoolM. A., & AsgharN. (2021). Women empowerment in the perspective of socioeconomics dynamics: A case study of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. Elementary Education Online, 20(5), 4852–4863. 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.541
23.
HairJ. F., BlackW. C., BabinB. J., & AndersonR. E. (2019a). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
24.
HajraG. (2012). Determinants of household decision-making among women in Kolkata slum areas: An application of multinomial logistic regression. International Journal of Applied Research & Studies, 1, 1–16.
25.
HaqueM., IslamT. M., TarequeM. I., & MostofaM. (2011). Women empowerment or autonomy: A comparative view in Bangladesh context. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 8(2), 17–30.
26.
IslamN., AhmedE., ChewJ., & D’NettoB. (2012). Determinants of empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh. World Journal of Management, 4(2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2851535
27.
KabeerN. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. 10.1111/1467-7660.00125
28.
KabeerN. (2001). Resources, agency, achievements reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment in discussing women’s empowerment: Theories and practice. SIDA Studies No. 3.: Theories and practice.
29.
KhanS. U., GoldsmithA. H., & RajaguruG. (2021). Women’s empowerment over recreation and travel expenditures in Pakistan: Prevalence and determinants. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 2(1), 100009. 10.1016/j.annale.2020.100009
30.
MalhotraA., & MatherM. (1997). Do schooling and work empower women in developing countries? Gender and domestic decisions in Sri Lanka. Sociological Forum12(4), 599–630.
31.
MalhotraA., SchulerS. R., & BoenderC. (2002, June). Measuring women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. In background paper prepared for the World Bank Workshop on Poverty and Gender: New Perspectives (Vol. 28). The World Bank.
32.
MuhammadS., KongX., SaqibS. E., & BeutellN. J. (2021). Entrepreneurial income and wellbeing: Women’s informal entrepreneurship in a developing context. Sustainability, 13(18), 10262. 10.3390/su131810262
33.
NarayanD. (2006). Measuring empowerment: Cross disciplinary perspectives. Oxford University Press.
34.
Narayan-ParkerD. (Ed.). (2002). Empowerment and poverty reduction: A sourcebook. World Bank Publications.
35.
NikkhahA. H., RedzuanM., & Abu-SamahA. (2010). The effect of women’s sociodemographic variables on their empowerment. Journal of American Science, 6(11), 426–434.
36.
PolasM. R. H., RajuV., MuhibbullahM., & TabashM. I. (2021). Rural women characteristics and sustainable entrepreneurial intention: A road to economic growth in Bangladesh. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy. 10.1108/JEC-10-2020-0183
37.
RoyS., AraJ., DasN., & QuisumbingA. R. (2015). ‘Flypaper effects’ in transfers targeted to women: Evidence from BRAC’s ‘targeting the ultra poor’ program in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 117, 1–19.
38.
SeiduA. A., AhinkorahB. O., AmeyawE. K., BuduE., & YayaS. (2021). Women empowerment indicators and uptake of child health services in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis using cross-sectional data from 26 countries. Journal of Public Health. 10.1093/pubmed/fdab177
39.
SharaungaS., MudharaM., & BogaleA. (2016). Effects of women empowerment on household food security in rural KwaZulu-Natal province. Development Policy Review, 34(2), 223–252. 10.1111/dpr.12151
40.
ShettarD., & RajeshwariM. (2015). A study on issues and challenges of women empowerment in India. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(4),13–19.
41.
ShivakumarA. K. (1996). Gender-related development index: Comparison for Indian states. Economic and Political Weekly, 14, 887.
42.
SpohrC. A. (2003). Formal schooling and workforce participation in a rapidly developing economy: Evidence from “compulsory” junior high school in Taiwan. Journal of Development Economics, 70(2), 291–327. 10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00099-8
43.
SultanaA. F. R.NI.., & HossenS. S. (2013). Role of employment in women empowerment: Evidence from Khulna City of Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Research, 2(7), 117–125.
44.
ThapaA. K., & GurungL. (2010). An assessment of factors influencing empowerment levels of females: A case study of Pokhara. Economic Journal of Development Issues, 1–8. 10.3126/ejdi.v11i0.6099
45.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2010). Human development report. http://www.in.undp.org/
46.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2015). Human development report. http://www.in.undp.org/
47.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Annual report. https://www.undp.org/
48.
ValdiviaM. (2015). Business straining plus for female entrepreneurship? Short and medium-term experimental evidence from Peru. Journal of Development Economics, 113, 33–51. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.10.005
49.
World Economic Forum. (2017). The global competitiveness report. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2017-2018/
50.
World Economic Forum. (2022). The global gender gap report. www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022/
