Singhbhum, Ranchi, Gulma, Lohardanga, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Palamau and Dhanbad constitute the Chhotanagpur Plateau.
2.
The area for the proposed Jharkhand State as demanded by its Protagonists was initially defined in the broader sense. But later they scaled down their demand for greater Jharkhand because they apprehended stiff opposition from West Bengal, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. As a result, since 1990 onward, the area of the proposed Jharkhand State has been difined as the Chhotanagpur plateau plus Santal Parganas. — See, for instance, Ghosh, Arunabha, Jharkhand Movement: A Study in the Politics of Regionalism (Calcutta: Minerva), 1988, p. 119.
3.
This is reminiscent of the Marxian concept of Asiatic Mode of Production. Basu, Sajal, Jharkhand Movement: Ethnicity and Culture of Silence (Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study), 1994, p. 6.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ghosh, op. cit., pp. 9–10.
8.
Ibid, p. 10.
9.
10.
Ibid. Also MinzBoniface, ‘The Jharkhand Movement’ in FernandesWalter (ed.), National Development and Tribal Deprivation (New Delhi: Indian Social Studies Institute), 1992, pp. 350–2.
11.
Ibid., p. 347.
12.
Ibid., p. 352.
13.
DevalleSusana, B.C., Discourses of Ethnicity: Culture and Protest in Jharkhand (New Delhi: Sage), 1992, pp. 73–4.
14.
For a brief survey of these and other uprisings see, for instance, Ghosh, op. cit., pp. 12–31.
15.
Devalle, op. cit., p. 82.
16.
The concept of “internal colonialism“ has been articulated by Michael Hechter in his book entitled“Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966” (1975).
17.
Devalle, op. cit., at p. 77.
18.
AlaviHamza, “Politics of Ethnicity in India and Pakistan” in AlaviHamzaHarriss (ed.), Sociology of Developing Countries: South Asia (London: Macmillan), 1989, p. 223.
19.
Ibid., pp. 223–8.
20.
Ibid., p. 226.
21.
Ibid., especially pp. 226–8.
22.
Ghosh, op. cit., 37.
23.
See, for instance, KennedyCharles H., “The Politics of Ethnicity in Sindh” in SurveyAsian, Vol. XXXI, No. 10, October, 1991, pp. 938–55.
24.
Ghosh, op. cit., pp. 57–8.
25.
The displaced tribals did, in fact, become whatDevalleCalls“Coolie Proletariat” – Devalle, op. cit., pp. 94–9.
26.
Ibid., note 11 at p. 83.
27.
MinzSupra note 10, p. 352. For an interesting analysis of the effects of large-scale displacements caused by the creation of large dams, see SamantaArabinda, “The Big Dams: Social Costs of Unsettling Settlers” in The Statesman, Calcutta, Feb.16, 1999 at p. 8.
28.
See, for instance, MenonGeeta, “Tribal Women: Victims of the Development Process” in Fernandes, op. cit. (Supra note 10), pp. 211–2.
29.
Devalle, op. cit., p. 86.
30.
Ibid., pp. 86–7.
31.
Menon, op. cit., pp. 209–10. Menon, however, refers to the States bias toward paper mills in Madhya Pradesh.
32.
SinghAmar Kumar, “Tribal Attitudes to the Tribals and Non-Tribals in South Bihar” in SinghAmar KumarJabbiM.K. (ed.), Tribals in India: Development, Deprivation, Discontent (New Delhi: Har-Anand), 1995, p. 301.
33.
Devalle, op. cit., p. 90.
34.
Singh, op. cit., p. 301.
35.
Minz, op. cit., p. 353.
36.
Basu, op. cit., (Supre note 4), p. 8. According to another account, Chhotanagpur Provides 72% (net 70%) of the total revenue of Bihar – See Minz, op. cit., 353.
37.
Ibid., pp. 353–4.
38.
Text of this memorandum can be found in Ghosh, op. cit., at pp. 170–91.
39.
GhoshSekhar, Review Article in Bookline (Calcutta), Vol. 5, No. 3, January-March1999, p. 13.
40.
This reminds us of Andre Gunder-Frank’s theory of structural dependence as developed in his book, Latin America: Underdevelopment of Revolution? (1969).
41.
The notion of ‘balance of resource’ in ethnic politics is an attendant theme of Joseph Rothschild’s ‘conflictual modernization’ approach—See RothschildJoseph, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework (1981).
42.
Minz, op. cit., p. 366.
43.
Minz, says it is 30% – Ibid.
44.
The British coerced the Chhotanagpur tribals to move into the Dooars and Assam tea plantations in large numbers during the last century. The plight of the descendants of such plantation labourers is worse than that of the tribals in Chhotanagpur. For instance, a number of them have already been killed by Bodo militants in Assam and a frightening sense of insecurity has become a part of their daily life.
