CornellSvante E.SpectorRegine A, “Central Asia: More than Islamic Extremists,”The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1, Winter2002, Washington, D.C., pp. 193–206.
OmelichevaMariya Y., “Convergence of Counterterrorism Policies: A Case Study of Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia,”Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 32, No. 10, October2009, Philadelphia, pp. 893–908.
8.
For a wider discussion on political Islam, see RoyOlivier, The Failure of Political Islam, Tauris, London, 1994; EspositoJohn L., Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform?, Lynne Reinner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, 1997.
9.
For a study of the history of Central Asia since independence refer to: HunterShireen T., Central Asia since Independence,The Washington Papers, The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC., 1996.
10.
EdwardsDavid B., Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2002, pp 1–21.
For a detailed study of the Taliban refer toMaleyWilliam (ed), Afghanistan and the Taliban: The Rebirth of Fundamentalism?, Penguin Books, New Delhi, 1998; FriedmanNorman, Terrorism, Afghanistan and America’s New Way of War, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2003.
16.
RashidAhmed, op.cit.
17.
18.
Also refer to: RashidAhmed Taliban; Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.
19.
20.
For a detailed history of the rise of Islamist groups in Central Asia, refer to: SchatzEdward, “Tslamism and anti-Americanism in Central Asia,”Current History, Vol. 101, No. 657, October2002, Philadelphia, pp. 337–343; LuongPauline Jones, “The Middle Easternization of Central Asia,”Current History, Vol. 102, No. 666, October2003, Philadelphia, pp. 333–340; McGlincheyEric, “Autocrats, Islamists, and the Rise of Radicalism in Central Asia,”Current History, Vol. 104, No. 684, October2005, Philadelphia, pp. 336–342.
21.
This steep decline is largely a result of the collapse of industries that could only be sustained through the Soviet supply and distribution system. Refer toLubinNancyMartinKeithRubinR, Calming the Ferghana Valley, Century Foundation Press, New York, 1999, p. 61.
22.
Refer toKyzyGulzina Karim, “Kyrgyz Shuttle Trade in Crisis,”Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst, August1, 2001, at http://www.cacianalystorg/, accessed electronically on February 18, 2010; International Crisis Group, “Incubators of Regional Conflict? Hyper-Depression in Localities in Central Asia”, ICG Asia Report no. 16, p. 8, at http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1179, accessed electronically on February18, 2010.
ScheuerMichael, “Central Asia in A1 Qaeda’s Vision of the Anti - American Jihad, 1979 - 2006,”The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2006, p. 6.
25.
26.
27.
ChaudetDidier, Islamist Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The “Al-Qaedaizadon” of Uzbek Jihadism, Russia/NIS Centre, Paris, 2008, pp. 5–7, 9.
28.
29.
Ibid, p. 10.
30.
“Islamic Movement of Afghanistan,”James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey, California, at http://cns.miis.edu/research/wtc01/imu.htm, accessed electronically on January14, 2010.
31.
32.
“Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1961 - 2003: A Brief Chronology,”U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., March19, 2009, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5902.htm, accessed electronically on April15, 2009.
33.
BoucherRichard. “Redesignation of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan as a Foreign Terrorist Organization,”United States Department of State, Washington, D.C., September25, 2002, at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/10708.htm, accessed electronically on April15, 2009.
34.
??? news agency, “Tahir Yuldash: US Fiasco is Nearing. Look us up in Washington”, 15October2007, at http://www.ferghana.ru, accessed electronically on April15, 2009.
35.
SteinbergGuido, “A Turkish Al-Qaeda: The Islamic Jihad Union and the Internationalization of Uzbek Jihadism”, Strategic Insight, Center for Contemporary Conflict, Monterey, July2008, at www.ccc.nps.navy.mil, p. 3, accessed electronically on February5, 2010.
36.
SandeeRonald, “The Islamic Jihad Union,” the NEFA Foundation, New York, 14October2008, at www.nefafoundation.org, accessed electronically on February5, 2010.
37.
CordierB. de, “The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the Islamic Jihad Union: A Jihadi Nebulous in Central Asia and the BU,”2July2008, at www.caucaz.com, accessed electronically on February5, 2010.
“In the Spotlight: East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM),”The Terrorism Project, Center for Defense Information, Washington, D.C., December9, 2002, at http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/etim.cfm, accessed electronically on February23, 2010.
42.
43.
WeitzRichard, “Storm Clouds over Central Asia: Revival of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)?”Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 27, No. 6, November/December2004, Philadelphia, p. 512.
LafraieNajibullah, “Resurgence of the Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan: How and Why?”Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA’s 50th Annual Convention “Exploring The Past, Anticipating The Future” New York Marriott Marquis, NY, USA, Feb15, 2009, at http://www.allacedemic.com/meta/p312859Jndexhtml, accessed electronically on February9, 2010.