Recent Corporate Frauds in America and their Impact on the U.S. and Emerging Economies: A Legal Perspective

Enron: Corporate Failure, Market Success International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 17th Annual General Meeting, Berlin, April 17, 2002, http://www.fenews.com/fen26/enron1.html.

Accounting Firms and Organizations: http,//faculty.washington.edu/krumme/companies/account.html.

www.bitpipe.com/tlist/Srabanes-Oxley-Act-of-2002.html.

“The Investor's Advocate: How the SEC protects investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation”, www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml.

Sec 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports: S.1350 (c)(2) - Failure of corporate officers to certify financial reports, www.sec.gov/about/laws/soa2002.pdf.

The Investor's Advocate, n.4.

Emshwiller R. John , “Enron's SPE Transactions Raise Questions on Roles of Executives”, http://bodurtha.georgetown.edu/enron/.%5 CEnron's%20’ SPE'%20Transactions%20Raise%20Questions%20on%20Roles% 20of%20 Executives.htm.

Excerpt from SEC Charges Kenneth L. Lay, Enron's Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, with Fraud and Insider Trading, www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-94.htm. Also, Westlaw search. Quoted from Acts available at Securities Lawyer's Deskbook, www.law.uc.edu/CCL/33Act and www.law.uc.edu/CCL/34Act.

Schwarcz, Steven L, Enron, and the use and abuse of special purpose entities in corporate structures, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9965100_ITM.

Excerpt from SEC Charges, n. 8.

Kadlec Daniel , Enron: Who's Accountable?, www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,193520,00.html.

Andersen conviction overturned: http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/31/news/midcaps/scandal_andersen_scotus/index.htm.

Ibid.

SEC v. WorldCom Inc., www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/complr17588.htm. Also Westlaw search. Quoted from Acts available at Securities Lawyer's Deskbook, www.law.uc.edu/CCL/33Act and www.law.uc.edu/CCL/34Act.

SEC charges Scott D. Sullivan, WorldCom's former Chief Financial Officer, with engaging in multi-billion dollar financial fraud, http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-25.htm.

SEC v. Tyco International Ltd., www.se.gov/litigation/complaints/2006/comp19657.pdf. Also Westlaw search. Quoted from Acts available at Securities Lawyer's Deskbook, www.law.uc.edu/CCL/33Act and www.law.uc.edu/CCL/34Act.

The Investor's Advocate, “How the SEC protects investors. Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation”, www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo/shtml.

Varma Jayanth R. , “Governance, Supervision and Market Discipline: Lessons from Enron”, Journal of the Indian School of Political Economy, October-November 2002, p. 63, see, www.iimahd.ernet.in/jrvarma/papers/Enron_paper.pdf. Also, Title II-Auditor Independence (S.201-S.209) of Sarbanes Oxley Act, 2002.

Ibid. Also, ‘Proposal for a Principles-Based Approach to US Standard Setting’, Financial Accounting Standards Board, October 21, 2002. See also ‘FASB and IASB Agree to Work Together Towards Convergence of Global Accounting Standards’, News Release, Financial Accounting Standards Board, October 29, 2002.

Ibid. Also, Title IX, White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancements-S. 906, Corporate Responsibility for Financial Reports of the Sarbanes Oxiey Act of 2002.

Excerpt from the Securities and Exchange Commission. Final Rule: Implementation of Standards of Professional Conduct for Attorneys, www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8185.htm.

Ibid.

Elson Charles M. , and Gyres Christopher J. , “Enron Failure and Corporate Governance Reform”, Wake Forest Review, Volume 38, 2003.

Article from The Hindu Business Line, www.blonnet.com and www.whitehouse.gov.

Pass Allison , “One Year Later, The Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley”, www.forbes.com.

Jackson Calvin , and Williams Anthony , Corporate Governance Development in UK and Continental Europe (Westlaw).

Buyer Martha . “Keep your SOX on”, Managing Compliance, Business Communications Review (Westlaw).

Bedlow Derek , “US Top 50: Tougher at the Top”, Legal Week Global (Westlaw).

Trotta Elizabeth , “Regulation without Borders: Red Tape levels the Field for exchanges worldwide”, Investment Dealers Digest (Westlaw).

Ibid.

Davila Serena , FEI.ANDAF: Bilateral Conference on CFO's Changing Role (Westlaw).

Korporaal Glenda , Buoyed by Floats, Hong Kong, Special Report (Westlaw).

The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992-Legal lsuues. ww.moneypore.com/IcLiInside.htm.

Securities and Exchange Board of India, Legal Framework, Acts, www.sebi.gov.

Varma , n. 18, Also, Report of the Committee on Corporate Audit and Governance, Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs, Government of India, December, 2002.

Varma , n. 18. p. 66.

Asian Corporate Governance Association, July 6, 2007.

Ibid.

“Securities Scam: In Harshad Mehta's wake”, see, www.hinduonnet.com.

“Vladhavpura Bank: A Ready Reckoner”, www.rediff.com/money.

“Tata Finance case referred to Finance Ministry”, www.hinduonnet.com.