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References
1.
Lupis
De
, Ingrid Detter, The Law of War (New York : Cambridge Univ. Press ), 1987 , p. 126 .
2.The other Conventions are: Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (Convention I), Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (Convention II) and Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Convention IV ).
3.
Lupis
De
, op. cit., p. 121
4.Ibid .
5.
Saxena
J.N.
‘Protection of Prisoners of War’ : In
Balachandran
M.K.
Verghese
Rose
(ed.), Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (New Delhi : ICRC ), 1997 , p. 141 .
6.
Hyde
Charles Cheny
, International Law: Chiefly As Interpreted And Applied by the United States . 2 nd Ed.(Boston : Little, Brown and Co .), 1951 , p. 1844 .
7.Ibid , p. 1846 .
8.
Yoram
Dinstein
, ‘Human Rights in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law.’ In
Meron
Theodore
(ed.), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues . (Oxford : Clarendon Press ), 1984 , pp. 356 –7 .
9.However, the treatment meted out by India to about 93,000 Pakistani soldiers taken prisoner as a sequel to the Bangladesh War (1971) was exemplary .
10.
Draper
Theodore
, ‘Human Rights and Law of War ,: In Lillich ,
B.
Richard
, International Human Rights: Problems of Law, Policy and Practice , 2 nd Ed. (Boston : Little, Brown and Co .), 1991 , p. 775 .
11.Ibid .
12.
Bledsoe
Robert L.
Boczek
Boleslaw A.
, The International Lw Dictionalry (Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO ), 1987 , p. 373 .
13.The 1899 Hague Peace Conference adopted the Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land whose annexe in the form of
“detailed and fundamental”
Regulations became the main source of the law of land warfare in both the World Wars . — Ibid ., p. 372 .
14.
Draper
, op.cit., p. 775 .
15.Ibid .
16.For an account of the rules seeking to prohibit the use of various types of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction, see De Lupis , op.cit., pp. 175 –231 .
17.Prepared by
Lieber
Francis
on President Lincoln’s behest . _ See
Saxena
, op.cit., note 3 at P. 142 .
18.Hyde , op.cit, p. 1845 .
19.Bledsoe , op. cit, p. 372 .
20.Hyde , op. cit., p. 1845 .
21.See supra note 2 .
22.According to one account, some 5 per cent of the victims of World War I were civilians, whereas the corresponding figure for World War II was 48 per cent. And later this aspect of war has witnessed incredible deterioration. Thus, 84 per cent of the victims of the Korean War were civilians, and for the Vietnam War the figure was 90 per cent . ———See
Lupis
De
, op. cit, p. 241 .
23.For an analysis of the provisions on the treatment of prisoners of war as enshrined in the Hague Regulations of 1907 and in the relevant 1929 Geneva Convention, see, for instance, Hyde , op. cit., pp. 1845 –66 .
24.In feet, the roles of the ICRC and men like Theodore Draper behind these Conventions have been remarkable .
25.For a survey of different views on what war is and on different kinds of war/conflict see
Lupis
De
, op. cit., pp. 1 –53 .
26.
Baxter
R.
, Modernizing the Law of War. In Lillich , op.cit. (supra note 10 ), P. 809 .
27.Ibid .
28.Ibid ., p. 810 .
29.Ibid .
30.
Starke
J.G.
, Introduction to International Law (London : Butterworths ), 1989 , p. 554 .
31.Article 4 (A) of Convention III is relevant in this connection . See
Lupis
De
op.cit., p. 167 .
32.Starke , op. cit., p. 554 .
33.
See
Saxena
, op. cit, pp. 142 –7 ;
Hingorani
R.C.
, Modem International Law , 2 nd Ed. (New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Co .), 1978 . pp. 383 –7 .
34.
Saxena
, op. cit., pp. 144 –6 .
35.Spies and reconnaissance soldiers are not given the protection of prisoner of war status . See
Lupis
De
, pp. 283 –4 .
36.
Saxena
, op. cit., pp. 146 –7 .
37.Dinstein , op. cit., (supra note 8 ), p. 354 .
38.Ibid ., p. 355 .
39.Ibid ., p. 357 .
40.Ibid ., pp. 355 –6 .
41.See, for instance, Starke , op. cit, pp. 555 –8 .
42.Recent cases of war crimes include those of Lt. Kelly of the U.S. A for his role in the massacre of defenceless civilians of the My Lai Hamlet of South Vietnam. ——— Lillich , op. cit, pp. 76 ff. For an analysis of individual responsibility in certain very recent cases of war crimes (in Yugoslavia and Rwanda) see Simma, Bruno and Andreas Paulus , “The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Posotivist View” . American Journal of Intl. Law ., 93 (1999 ), pp. 302 –16 .
43.Starke , op. cit, P. 553 .
44.
Meron
Theodore
, “Common Rights of Mankind in Gentili, Grotius and Suarez” . American Journal of Intl. Law 85 (1991 ), pp. 110 –16 .
45.Incidentally, the Protocols have been ratified by only a limited number of states, mostly from the Third World. That is, as most of the other states (especially from the developed world) are not party to the Protocols, their value has remained limited. Bledsoe , op. cit., p. 373 .
46.Cited in Draper , op. cit., at p. 775 .