Reading Democracy and Democratization: With Pain,Necessity and Absence of Joys

For a brief review of literature on military intervention, see, Kaldor Mary , ‘The Military in Third World Development’, World Development (Vol. 4, no. 6, June, 1976), pp. 460–464; See, also, Basu Gautam Kumar , The State, Development and Military Interventions (New Delhi; South Asian Publishers, 1991) pp. 7–21; Linz Juan Stepan Alfred , The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).

Handelman H. et al., Military Government and the Movement towards Democracy in South America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981).

O’Donnell Guillermo et al., (eds.), Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).

Huntington Samuel , The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: Oklahama University Press, 1991).

Gilpin Robert , The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), Chap. 1.

Nagle Both refer Mahr to David Held’s concept of ‘Cosmopolitan Democracy’ in this context without resorting to any in-depth analysis. For the concept of cosmopolitan democracy, see, Held David ‘Democracy: From City State to a Cosmopolitan Order?’ In Held David (ed), Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp 13–73. See also Held David , ‘The Transformation of Political Community: rethinking democracy in the context of globalization’, in Shapiro Ian Casiano Hacker-Cordon (eds.) Democracy’s Edges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) pp. 88–111. See also Kymlicka Will , ‘Citizenship in an era of Globalization: Commentary on Held’, and ‘Alexander Wendt, A comment on Held’s Cosmopolitanism’, in ibid., pp. 112–126 and pp. 127–133 respectively.

Gramsci Antonio , Selection from Prison Note Books (New York: International Publishers, 1971), p. 244. (ed. by Hoare Quintin Nowell Geoffray Smith).

Ashley Richard ‘The Poverty of Neorealism’, International Organization (vol. 38 no. 2, Spring, 1984), p. 73, and p. 77.

Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective (London: Sage Publication, 1999), p. 3.

citaitations are from various pages of ibid.

Fukuyama Francis , ‘The End of History’, The National Interest, (No. 16, Summer, 1989), pp. 3–18; The End of History and the Last man (London; Penguin Books, 1992).

Nagle John D. Mahr Allison , op. cit., p. 13.

ibid., p. 286.

Macpherson C.B. , The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).

Citations are from various pages of Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , op. cit.,

See, for example Basu Gautam Kumar , ‘The Question of State – Autonomy and Regime Transformation in the Third World’, Asian Studies (vol. 10, 1992), pp. 6–28; Gill Stephen , ‘Globalization, Market Civilization and Disciplinary Neolibralism, Millennium (vol. 24, No. 3, Winter, 1995), pp. 399 – 423. Basu Gautam Kumar , ‘Liberalization and Democracy in India: Problems and Prospects’, in Dutta-Gupta Sobhon Lal (ed.), India: Politics and Society – Today and Tomorrow (Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Company, 1998), pp. 27–44. Samaddar Ranabir , ‘Reforms, Democracy and Justice: Some Issues of State and the Market in South Asia’, in Ahmed hntiaz Ghosh Partha S. Reifield Helmut (eds.), Pluralism and Equality: Value in Indian Society and Politics (New Delhi: Sage Publication, 2000), pp. 219–238;

Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , op. cit., p. 266.

ibid., p. 64.

ibid,. p. 65.

Gramsci Antonio . op. cit., p. 12.

See, Foucault Michael , ‘Govemmentality’, in Burchell G. Gordon C. Miller P. (eds.), The Foucault Effects: Studies in Govemmentality, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991) pp. 87–104.

Marx Kail Enqels Fredrich , Manifesto of the Communist Party (Mosco: Progress Publishers, 1973 Printing), pp. 44–45.

Nagle John D. Mahr Alsion , op. cit., p. 71.

Marx Karl Engels Fredrich , op. cit., pp. 57–58.

Basu Kaushik , Prelude to Political Economy: A Study of the Social and Political Foundations of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 144

ibid., p. 161.

ibid, p. 118.

ibid., P. 143.

Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , op. cit., p. 65.

Gramsci Antonio , op. cit., p. 160.

Utilitarianism does not necessarily mean hedonistic utilitarianism, but embraces the concept of welfare as well. See, Goodin Robert E. , ‘Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy’ in Vincent Andrew (ed.) Political Theory: tradition and diversity (Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1997). pp. 67–68.

See, Basu Gautam Kumar (1992), op. cit., pp. 15–16.

Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , op. cit., p. 282

Gramsci Antonio , op. cit., p. 3

ibid., p. 330.

ibid., P. 332.

ibid., p. 328.

ibid., p. 328.

Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , op. cit., p. 122.

ibid., p. 194.

ibid., p. 199.

Panitch Leo (ed.), Socialist Register 1997 (Suffolk: The Merlin Press, 1997), p. 2.

Gramsci Antonio , op. cit., p. 167.

Panitch Leo (ed.), op. cit., p. 3.

Nagle John D. Mahr Alison , op. cit., p. 3.

Personal Letter from Nagple John D. to the Author.

Gramsci Antonie , op. cit., p. 326.

ibid., p. 135.

Cited in Derrida Jacques , Politics of Friendship (London:, Verso, 1997), p. 300.

This is the subtitle of a book by John D. Nagle, Confession from the Left: On the Pain, Necessity and Joys of Political Renewal (New York: Peter Lang, 1998). One can easily notice that the sublitle of this paper is also borrowed from this same book with slight modification. The feet is: I have written this paper with no joy in my heart – after all, John had a lot of things to say. But unfortunately – he was silenced by a force which no one can resist. This, however, does not prevent me from anticipating the ultimate joys of political renewal. Power, inequality, injustice, marginalisation, oppression can be the last word in a world dominated by the lumpens. But human history has always been written by those who read, write, inquire, observe, interpret and make conscious effort to change the world. Lumpens are thrown into the dustbin of history.