Ethnicity and Confidence Building in Multicultural Societies: Lessons from Indian and Canadian Experiences

Horowitz Donald L. , Ethnic Groups in Conflict, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985, pp. 95–140.

Brass Paul R. , Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, Sage, New Delhi, 1991.

Ibid . pp. 15–17.

Ibid . p. 16.

Bajpai Kanti , “CBMs: Contexts, Achievements, Functions” in Baneijee Dipankar (ed.), Confidence Building Measures in South Asia, RCSS, Colombo, 1999, p. 9.

Rotfeld Adam , “CBMs between Helsinki and Madrid: Theory and experience” in Larrabee Stephen Stobbe D. (eds.), Confidence Building Measures in Europe, Institute for East-West Security Studies, New York, 1982, p. 106.

For a detailed exploration of conceptual issues, see Macintosh James , “Confidence Building and the Arms Control Process: A Transformation view”, Arms Control and Disarmament Studies, no. 2, Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, 1996.

For a comprehensive treatment of theory and practice of confidence building measures see, Krepon Michael Khoja Khurshid Newbill Micheal Drezin Jenny S. (eds.), A Hand Book of Confidence-Building Measures for Regional Security, 3rd Edition, Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, 1998.

Punjabi Riyaz Datta Sreeradha , “Nuclear Deterrence and Indo-Pak Relationship” in Majumdar Anindyo J. (ed.), Nuclear India into the New Millennium, Lancer’s Books, New Delhi, 2000, pp. 222–3.

The merits of CBMs cited in this paper are completely based on the exposition on CBMs by Kanti Bajpai, op. cif., pp. 11–13. Whereas Bajpai’s exposition mainly deals with CBMs in US-Soviet relations and in South Asia, we use his conclusions for broader applications.

See Subhas C. Kashyap ”Ethnicity and Constitutional Reforms in India” in Iftekharuzzaman (ed.), Ethnicity and Consitutional Reforms in South Asia, Manohar, New Delhi, 1998.

Smith Allan , “First Nations, Race and the Idea of a Plural Community: Defining Canada in the Postmodern Age” in Hrynuik Stella (ed.), 20 Years of Multiculturalism: Successes and Failures, st. John’s College Press, Mantoba, 1992, pp. 249–50.

Ibid . p. 252.

Robert M. Gill , “Language Policy, Culture and Identity: The Case of Quebec” in Lapierre Andre Smart Patricia Savard Pierre (eds.), Language, Culture and Values in Canada at the Dawn of the 21st Century, International Council for Canadian Studies, 1996.

Jackson James , “Bilingualism, Multiculturalism, and the Francophone Community: The Emergence of a New Canadian Identity” in Remie C.M.W. Lacroix J.M. (eds.), Canada on the Threshold of the 21st Century, John Benjamin’s, Amsterdam, 1991, p. 292.

Dr. Saksena Ajai is Reader, Department of Political Science, D.A.V.(P.G.) College, Dehradun.

Dr. Anindyo J. Majumdar is Senior Lecturer, Department of International Relations, Jadavpur University.