THE ROLE AND STATUS OF WOMEN IN MODERN IRAN: AN OVERVIEW

Jayawardena Kumari , Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (Lahore, ASR Publication, 1994), p. 62.

Bayat-Philipp Mangol , ‘Women and Revolution in Iran, 1905–191’, in Beck Lois Keddie Nikki eds., Women in the Muslim World, (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 297.

For details, Ibid. pp. 298–303.

Parsa Misag , Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1983), p. 36.

Hosseini Ziba Mir , ‘Women and Politics in post-Khomeini Iran: Divorce, Veiling and Emerging Feminist Voices’, in Afshar Haleh ed., Women and Politics in the Third World (London, Routledge, 1996) p. 153.

Girgis Monique , ‘Pre-Revolutionary Iran’, Chapter one of Muslim Women in Iran, 1996, www.imaginary.com/-maenad/thesis/contents.html, p. 19.

For full text of the law see, Bagley F.R.C. , ‘The Iranian Family Protection Law of 1967: A Milestone in the Advancement of Women’s Rights’, in Bagley F.R.C. ed., Iran and Islam: In the Memory of the Late Vladimir Minosky (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1971), pp. 59–64.

Paidar Parvin , ‘Feminism and Islam in Iran’, in Kandiyoti Deniz ed., Gendering the Middle East: Emerging Perspectives (London, I.B. Tauris, 1996), p. 56.

Najmabadi Afsneh , ‘Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran’, in Hourni Albert Khoury Philip S. Wilson Mary C. ed., The Modem Middle East: A Reader (London, I.B. Tauris, 1993), p. 678.

Tohidi Nayereh , ‘Modernity, lslamization, and Women in Iran’ in Moghadam V.M. ed., Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies, (Karachi, Zed Books, 1994), p. 122.

Taheri Amir , The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, Hutchinson, 1985), p. 233.

Khomeini’s Ayatollah Sermon on 19 September 1979, in Sahifeh-i-Nur, vol. 9, p. 136.

Arjomand Said Amir , The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 201.

Girgis, ‘Islam’s Appeal to Women: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism’, op. cit. n. 6, p. 8.

Tohidi , op. cit. , n. 10, p. 126.

Paidar , op. cit. , n. 8, p. 59.

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979 (With all, amendments up to 1989), Directorate General of International Agreements, 1995, p. 15.

Fatemeh and Zeinab the two important women from the early period of Islamic history were presented as two role models for contemporary Muslim women by Ali Shariati in his book Fatima is Fatima translated into English by Bakhtiar Laleh , (Tehran, The Shariati Foundation, n. d.).

Afshar Haleh , ‘Women, State and Identity in Iran’, Women Living under Muslim Laws, Dossier-3, June-July 1988, p. 48.

Tohidi , op. cit., n. 10, p. 137.

Afshar Haleh , ‘Behind the Veil: The Public and Private faces of Khomeini’s Policies on Iranian Women’, in Agarwal Bina ed., Structures of Patriarchy: State, Community and Household in Modernising Asia (New Delhi, Kali for Women, 1988), pp. 230–231.

Tohidi , op. cit., n. 10, p. 136.

Hosseini Mir ., op. cit., n. 5, pp. 158–61.

Mehran Golnar , ‘Life Long Learning: New Opportunities in a Muslim Country’, Comparative Education, vol. 35, issue 2, June 1999, p. 203.

Moghissi Haideh , ‘Public Life and Women’s Resistance’ in Rahnema Saeed Behdad Sohrab eds., Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State (London, I.B. Tauris, 1996), p. 254.

Sullivan Zohreh T. , ‘Eluding the Feminist, Overthrowing the Modern? Transformation in Twentieth Century Iran’ in Lughod Lila Abu ed., Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East (New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 234–36.

Kian Azadeh , ‘Women and politics in Post Islamist Iran: The Gender Conscious Drive to Change’ in Women Living Linder Muslim Law, Dossier-21, September 1998, p. 43.

Tran: Post Election Changes—A Mixed Picture’, Women’s International Network News, vol. 26, issue 2, Spring 2000, p. 66.

Mehnaj , op. cit., n. 24, p. 202.

Nafisi Azar , ‘The Veiled Threat’, New Republic, vol. 220, issue 8, 22 February 1999, p. 5.

For details about the governmental institutions for the improvement of women’s situation see, Islamic Republic of Iran, National Report on Women (Teheran, Women’s Bureau of the Presidential Office, 1997), pp. 28–38.

‘Life under the Chador for Iranian Women’, CQ Researcher, vol. 18. issue 47, December 18, 1998, p. 1103.

Peterson Scott , ‘Women, Youth Key to Iran Vote’, Christian Science Monitor, vol. 92, issue 60, 17 February 2000.

For details see, Ramazani Nesta , ‘Women in Iran: The Revolutionary Ebb and Flow’ Middle East Journal, vol. 47, no. 3, Summer 1993, pp. 417–18.

Keddie Nikki R. , ‘Women in Iran since 1979’, Social Research, vol., 67, issue 2, Summer 2000, p. 419.

Azadeh , op. cit., n. 27, p. 54.

Keddie , op. cit., n. 35, p. 427 and Tohidi , op. cit., n. 10, p. 117.

Moghadam Valentine M. , ‘Development Strategies, State Policies, and the Status of Women: A Comparative Assessment of Iran, Turkey, and Tunisia’ in Moghadam Valentine M. , ed., Patriarchy and Economic Development: Women’s Position at the End of the Century (Oxford, Claredon Press, 1996), p. 262.

National Report, op. cit., n. 31, p. 99.

Afshar Haleh , ‘Women and the Politics of Fundamentalism in Iran’ in Afshar Haleh ed., Women and Politics in the Third World, (London, Routledge, 1996), p. 136.

Afary Janet , ‘The War against Feminism in the Name of the Almighty: Making Sense of Gender and Muslim Fundamentalism’, Women Living Under Muslim Laws, Dossier-21, September 1998, p. 27.