CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM: THE NEW THREAT

Juergensmeyer Mary . “Understanding the New Terrorism,.” Current History, Philadelphia. Vol. 99. No. 636, April 2000, p. 158.

Tucker Jonathan B. , “Chemical and Biological Terrorism: How Real a Threat?” Current History, Philadelphia, Vol. 99. No. 636, April 2000, p. 147.

Ibid .

Chemical and Biological Weapons Reader, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington, DC, 1995.

A blistering agent, especially mustard gas, used in chemical warfare; causing blisters. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 2000, accessed electronically at www.bartleby.com .

Vegar Jose , “A CBW Primer,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, Chicago, Vol. 54, No. 2, March/April 1998.

Derived from the Cobra Chinese Geissler Erhard (ed.), Biological and Toxitt Weapons Today, Oxford University Press, London, 1986.

Derived from the Deadly Death Puffer Fish or the White Spotted Puffer Fish, ibid .

Derived from the Colombian Frog, ibid .

Derived from the Shellfish ibid .

Derived from the South American Rattlesnake, ibid .

Derived from Castor beans, ibid .

Derived from the bacteria Anabaena flos-aquae, ibid .

Refer to the Aleph’s web site: www.aleph.com .

Japan’s Frightening Encounter with Chemical Terrorism, Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC, September 1995, accessed electronically at: http://www.stimson.org

Refer to Monterey Institutes’ Web site: http://www.cns.miis.edu as well as their weekly newsletter Chem Bio Weapons and WMD Terrorism News, at: chembio-terror@miis.edu

Tucker , op. cit. p. 148.

Ibid .

Lluma Diego , “Terrorism: Low Probability, High Consequence”. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 55, No. 6, November/December 1999, p. 14.

Foreign Terrorist Organisations: Designations by Secretary of State Mculelein Albright, Department of State, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC, October 8, 1999.

Hoffman Bruce Inside Terrorism. Columbia University press, New York, 1998, p. 91.

Simon Jeffrey D. , Terrorists and the Potential Use of biological Weapons: A Discussion of Possibilities, RAND, California, December 1989, p. 17.

Ibid .

Muir. Angus M. “Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: The case of Aum Shinrikyo”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, London, Vol. 22, No. 1, January-March 1999, pp. 80–81.

Laqueur Walter , The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, pp. 4–5.

Ulrike Meinhof and Andreas Baader jointly formed the “Baader-Meinhof Gang” in 1970 in Germany. After a spate of robbing banks and bombing buildings Meinhof was captured in 1972. She committed suicide in prison in 1976. Information accessed electronically at http://wwwbaader-nieinhof.com/who.lerrorists/bmgang/meinhofulrike.html . Also refer to op.cit. Laqueur, pp. 88, 232.

Ibid. p. 88.

Laqueur , op. cit. , p. 89.

Tucker Jonathan B. (ed.). Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000.

Tucker , Current History, op. cit. , p. 149.

Ibid , pp. 149–150.

In 1991, the Minnesota Patriots Council, a right wing tax resistance group based in Alexandria, Minnesota, extracted ricin from castor beans purchased by mail order, and conspired to use the poison to assassinate local police officers and federal officials. The group’s four leading members were arrested before they could carry out the attack.

Betts Richard K. , “The New Threat of Mass Destruction,” Foreign Affairs, New York, Vol. 77, No. 1, January/February 1998, p. 30.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks, Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C., 1993. p. 54.

Vegar , op. cit. , p. 53.

Ibid .

Ibid .

Power Jonathan , “World View; Inadequate Response to Nuclear terrorism,” The Statesman, Calcutta, 10 October 1997.

Vegar , op. cit. , p. 54.

Brackett D.W. , Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo, Weatherhill, New York, 1996, p. 146.

Muir , Op. cit. , p. 85.

Ibid. p. 85

Ibid. pp. 85–86.

Tucker , Current History, op. cit. , p. 151.

Lluma , op. cit. , p. 14.

A device for spraying of insecticide or fertilizers, especially from the air. Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, 1998, p. 198.

Tucker , Current History, op. cit. , pp. 151–152.

In a June 1994 incident in the central Japanese city of Matsumoto, cult members released a cloud of sarin gas near a dormitory housing three judges who were about to issue a legal judgment against the cult in a real estate case. The judges were injured in the attack, which killed 7 people and led to the hospitalization of about 200.

A chemist working for I.G. Farben, the conglomerate that provided gas for the death chambers at Auschwitz discovered sarin by chance in 1936, while experimenting with insecticides. The Nazis produced at least 300,000 tonnes of the substance during World war II. but never used it in battle. “Experts Rank Tokyo Gas as ‘Second Most’ lethal Chemical”, The Statesman, Calcutta, 21 March 1995. However, according to Tucker Jonathan B. , “Chemical and Biological terrorism: How Real a Threat?” Current History, Philadelphia, Vol. 99, No. 636, April 2000, p. 152, the Aum Shinrikyo got the recipe for manufacturing sarin from the Russians.

Gavin Cameron , “Multi-track Microproliferation”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, London, Vol. 22, No. 4, October-December 1999, pp. 285–296.

Tucker . Current History, op. cit. , p. 152.

Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project, Medical Characteristics of Chemical Warfare Agents, Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, DC, 2000. accessed electronically at: http://www.stimson.org

Means of exposure: skin contact and/or inhalation. Lethal dosage: via inhalation 1300 LCt50, via skin exposure 4500LD50, ibid .

Means of exposure: skin contact and/or inhalation. Lethal dosage; via inhalation 1500 LCt50, via skin exposure 4500LD50, ibid .

Means of exposure: skin contact and/or inhalation. Lethal dosage: via inhalation 1500 LCt50. via skin exposure 10000 LD50, ibid .

Central Intelligence Agency. The Chemical and Biological Warfare Threat. Washington. DC, 1995; Sitting Marshal , Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals. Noyes Publication, New Jersey, 1981; Office of Technology Assessment, Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993.

Causes anthrax, effective dosage: 8000 to 50,000 spores. Chemical and Biological Nonproliferation Project, Biological Weapon Agents, Henry L. Slimson Center. Washington, DC. 2000, accessed electronically at: http://www.slimson.org

Malcolm Dando , Biological Waif are in the 21st Century: Biotechnology and the Proliferation of Biological Weapons, Brasscy’s, London, 1994; Turkington Carol Ashby Bonnie , Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases, facts on File, New York, 1998; Chemical and Biological Nonproliferation Project, Biological Weapon Agents. Henry L. Stimson Center Washington, DC, 2000, accessed electronically at: http:/www.stiinson.org .

Timothy McVeigh was convicted and sentenced to death, on charges of bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City that killed 169 people in 1995.

Kaczynski Theodore J. , popularly known as the Unabomber, waged a one-man campaign against society beginning in 1978, mainly by means of letter and package bombs. He was arrested in April 1996, following one on the longest manhunts in American history. Refer to: Laqueur, pp. 205–208; Chase Alston , “Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber,” The Atlantic Monthly. Boston Vol. 285, No. 6, June 2000, pp. 41–65.