Nutritional support is different in pediatric patients more so in neonatal surgical patients. Stress during and following surgery does not increase the metabolic requirements as significantly as in the case of children and adults. Postoperative enteral nutrition is gaining more and more importance as knowledge regarding the intestinal motility and hormonal secretion following surgery accumulate. Continuous versus intermittent bolus enteral feeds is still an area of investigation. Parenteral nutrition plays an important role especially in certain abdominal surgical conditions. Asepsis and maintenance of intravenous lines are vital issues in providing parenteral nutrition.
HeirdWC, DriscollJM, SullingerJN et al Intravenous alimentation in Pediatric patients. J Pediatr1972;80:351–372.
2.
HillAG, HillGL.Metabolic response to severe injury. Br J Surg1989;85:884–890.
3.
JonesMO, PierroA, HammondP. The metabolic response to operative stress in infants. J Pediatr Surg1993;28:1258–1262.
4.
ShanbhogueRL, LloydDA.Absence of hypermetabolism after operation in the newborn infant. J Parenteral Enteral Nutri1992;16:333–336.
5.
ChwalsWJ, LettonRW, JamieA. Stratification of injury severity using energy expenditure response in surgical infants. J Pediatr Surg1995;30:1161–64.
6.
PowisMR, SmithK, RennieM. Effect of major abdominal operations on energy and protein metabolism in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg1998;33:49–53.
7.
CooperA, JakobowskiD, SpikerJ. Nutritional assessment: an integral part of the preoperative Pediatric surgical evaluation. J Pediatr Surg1982;16:554.
8.
MerrittRJ, KalschM, RouxLD.Significance of hypo-albuminemia in Pediatric Oncology patients-Malnutrition or infection. J Paren Enter Nutri1985;9:303–306.
9.
CoranAG, DrongowskiRA: Body fluid compartment changes following neonatal surgery. J Pediatr Surg1989;24:829–832.
10.
BraillonPM, SalleBL, BrunetJ, et al: Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measurement of bone mineral content in new borns: Validation of the technique. Pediatr Res1992;12:77–80.
11.
FoschiD, CavagnaG, CallioniF, . Hyperalimentation of jaundiced patients on percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Br J Surg1986;73:716–719.
12.
ShuklaHS, RaoRR, BanuN, . Enteral hyperalimentation in malnourished surgical patients. Indian J Med Res1984; 80:339.
13.
DetskyJM, BakerJP, O'RourkeK, . Perioperative parenteral nutrition: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med1987;107:195–203.
14.
BohnhorstB, MullerS, DordelmannM, . Early feeding after necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. J Pediatr2003;143:484–87.
15.
HymanPE, GarveyTQ, HaradaT, Effect of ranitidine on gastric acid hypersecretion in an infant with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutri1985;4:316–19.
16.
ParkerP, StroopS, GreeneH.A controlled comparison of continuous versus intermittent feeding in the treatment of infants with intestinal disease. J Pediatr1987; 99:360.
17.
MayesT, GottschilichMM, WardenGD.Nutrition intervention in pediatric patients with thermal injuries requiring laparotomy. J Burn Care Rehabil2000; 21:451–56.
18.
GrantJP, ChapmanG, RussellMK.Malabsorption associated with surgical procedure and its treatment. Nutr Clin Pract1996;11:43–52.
19.
WilmoreDW, DudrickSJ.Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients by vein. JAMA1968; 203:860.
20.
KaplanAS, ZemelBS, NeiswenderKM, StallingsVA.Resting energy expenditure in clinical pediatrics: Measured versus prediction equations. J Pediatr1995;127:200–205.
21.
MitchellJM, DaviesPSW, DayJME, . Energy expenditure in children with congenital heart disease, before and after cardiac surgery. J Thorac cardiovasc Surg1994;107:374–380.
22.
MatsuesueS, NishiumuraS, KoizumiS, . Preventive effect of simultaneously infused lipid emulsion against thrombophlebitis during postoperative peripheral nutrition. Surg Today1995;25:667–671.
23.
ReedCR, SesslerCN, GlauserFL, PhelanBA.Central venous catheter infections: Concepts and controversies. Intensive Care Med1995;21:177–183.
24.
BeckR.use of Pediatric parenteral amino acid mixture in a population of extremely low birth weight neonates: Frequency and spectrum of direct bilirubinemia. Am J Perinatol1990; 7: 84–86.
25.
TashiroT, MashimaY, YamamoriH, . Intravenous intralipid 10%vs 20%, hyperlipidemia, and increase in lipoprotein X in humans. Nutrition1992;8:155–160.
26.
American Medical association Nutrition Advisory Group; Department of food and nutrition: Multivitamin preparations for parenteral use. J Parent Enter Nutr1979; 3: 258.
27.
ChevalierRL.Developmental renal physiology of the low birth weight preterm new born. J Urol1996;156:714–719.
28.
FitzgeraldKA, MacKayMW: Calcium and phosphate solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing Troph Amin. Am J Hosp Pharm1986;43:88–93.
29.
BonnerCM, DeBrieKL, HugG, . Effects of parenteral L-Carnitine supplementation on fat metabolism and nutrition in premature infants. J Pediatr1995;126:287–292.
30.
BozzettiF, BragaM, GionattiL, GavaziC, MarianiL.Post operative enteral versus parenteral nutrition in malnorusihed patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized, multicenter trial. Lancet2000;358:1487–92.
31.
PacelliF, Bossola, PapaV. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: an even match. Arch Surg2001;136:933–36.
32.
PierroA, JonesMO, HammondP, . A new equation to predict the resting energy expenditure of surgical infants. J Pediatr Surg1994;29:1103–1108.
33.
SacherP, HirsigJ, GresserJ, SpitzL.The importance of oral sodium replacement in ileostomy patients. Prog Pediatr Surg1989;24:226–231.
34.
WuJ, TangQ, FengY, HuangJ, TaoY, WangY, CaiW, ShiC.Nutrition assessment in children with short bowel syndrome weaned off parenteral nutrition: a long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg2007;42:1372–6.
35.
ShahP, ShahV.Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2004; 4:CD004339.
36.
OzturkH, OzturkH, GedikS, DuranH, OnenA.A comprehensive analysis of 51 neonates with congenital intestinal atresia. SaudiMedJ.2007;28:1050–4.
