This paper analyses the long-term impact of displacement by assessing the impoverishment risks among the displaced adivasi population of Rourkela resettled in peri-urban and rural resettlement colonies. The study ascertains that even after six decades of displacement, adivasis in both resettlement colonies continue to face such risks, however, to a different degree according to where they were resettled. Joblessness has been a common risk among them, and it seems central to all other risks. Moreover, the persistence of these impoverishment risks among them is attributed to the violation of constitutional provisions and unfulfilled promises during and post-displacement period.
A Group of Researchers. (1986). Contract labour in a steel plant: A study for a trade union. Economics and Political Weekly, 21(48), M123–M136.
2.
BandyopadhyayD. (2004). Rayagada story retold: Destitutes of development. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(5), 408–411.
3.
BhowmikS. K. (2016). Tribal labour in the tea plantations of West Bengal: Problems of migration and settlement. In RadhakrishnaM. (Ed.), First citizens: Studies on adivasis, tribals, and indigenous peoples in India (pp. 207–227). Oxford University Press.
4.
CerneaM. (1997). The risks and reconstruction model for resettling displaced populations. World Development, 25(10), 1569–1587.
5.
CerneaM. (1999). Why economic analysis is essential to resettlement: A sociologist’s view. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(31), 2149–2158.
6.
DhagamwarV. (2011). Thinking outside the box: A critique of the land acquisition bill, 2007. In SomayajiS. & TalwarS. (Eds.), Development-induced displacement and resettlement in India: Current issues and challenges (pp. 46–58). Routledge.
7.
DindaS. (2016). Land acquisition and compensation policy for development activity. Journal of Land and Rural Studies, 4(1), 111–118.
8.
DwivediR. (2006). Conflict and collective action: The Sardar Sarovar project in India. Routledge.
9.
EkkaA. (2012). Displacement of tribals in Jharkhand: A violation of human rights. In XaxaV. & NathanD. (Eds.), Social exclusion and adverse inclusion: Development and deprivation of Adivasis of India (pp. 52–62). Oxford University Press.
10.
FernandesW. (2005). Rehabilitation as a right: Where is the policy?Social Action, 6(2), 123–137.
11.
FernandesW. (2008). Sixty years of development-induced displacement in India: Scale, impacts, and the search for alternatives. In MathurH. (Ed.), India social development report 2008: Development and displacement (pp. 89–102). Oxford University Press.
12.
GhoshK. (1999). A market for aboriginality: Primitivism and race classification in the indentured labour market of colonial India. In BhadraG., PrakashG., & TharuS. (Eds.), Subaltern studies no. 10. Writings on South Asian history and society (pp. 49–97). Oxford University Press.
13.
Heuzé, G. (1996). Workers of another world: Miners, the countryside and coalfields in Dhanbad. OUP.
14.
KelaS. (2012). A rogue and peasant slave: Adivasi resistance, 1800–2000. Navayana.
15.
KujurJ., RajanS. I., & MishraU. S. (2020). Land vulnerability among Adivasis in India. Land Use Policy, 99, 105082.
16.
LevienM. (2015). From primitive accumulation to regimes of dispossession: Six theses on India’s land question. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(22), 146–157.
17.
MenonA., & BijoyC. R. (2014). The limits of law, democracy and governance. Yojana, 58, 9–12.
18.
PadelF., & DasS. (2008). Cultural genocide: The real impact of development-induced displacement. In MathurH. (Ed.), India social development report 2008: Development and displacement (pp. 103–115). Oxford University Press.
19.
ParidaP. C. (1997). Impact of industrialisation: A case study of Oraons (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/119116
20.
ParryJ. (1999). Two cheers for reservation: The Satnamis and the steel plant. In GuhaR. & ParryJ. (Eds.), Institutions and inequalities: Essays in honour of Andre Beteille (pp. 129–169). Oxford University Press.
21.
ParryJ., & StrümpellC. (2008). On the desecration of Nehru’s ‘Temples’: Bhilai and Rourkela compared. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(19), 47–57.
22.
RadhakrishnaM. (2009). Starvation among primitive tribal groups. Economic and Political Weekly, 44(14), 13–16.
23.
RaoK. K. (2018). Developmental rhetoric, uprooted lives: Gundlakamma reservoir project. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(28), 23–25.
24.
SenA. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
25.
SenguptaN. (1979). Destitutes and development: A study of the Bauri community in the Bokaro region. Concept Publishing Company.
26.
ShahA. (2010). In the shadows of the state. Duke University Press.
27.
StrümpellC. (2012). Law against displacement: The jurisdiction of tribal protest in Rourkela, India. In EckertJ., DonahoeB., StrümpellC., & BinerZ. O. (Eds.), Law against the state: Ethnographic forays into law’s transformations, (pp. 202–227). Cambridge University Press.
28.
StrümpellC. (2014). The politics of dispossession in an Odishan steel town. Contribution to Indian Sociology, 48(1), 45–72.
29.
UN Declaration on the Right to Development. (1986). https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm
30.
VarmaN. (2016). Coolies of capitalism: Assam tea and the making of coolie labour. De Gruyter.
31.
VijayG. (2003). Other side of new industrialisation. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(48), 5026–5030.
32.
XaxaC. (2010). Land acquisition for Rourkela Steel Plant & Mandira dam in the scheduled district of Sundargarh. In displaced persons’ conference organising committee, Rourkela (Ed.), 50 years and more struggle for justice at Rourkela, Occasional Paper no. 7, (pp 32–38). http://docplayer.net/63717628-50-years-and-more-struggle-for-justice-at-rourkela.html
33.
XaxaV. (2014). Constitutional provisions, laws and tribes. Yojana, 58, 4–8.
34.
XaxaV. (2018). Coercive development. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(45), 10–11.
